Browsing by Person "Iqbal, Yasir"

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Biomass quality of miscanthus genotypes for different bioconversion routes
(2017) Iqbal, Yasir; Lewandowski, Iris
Currently, a wide range of biomass based resources (wood, agricultural residues, municipal waste, perennial dedicated energy crops) are being tested for different bioconversion routes such as combustion and ethanol production. In Europe, combustion is the most prevalent bioconversion route being adopted to produce heat and electricity. By 2020, in Europe out of 139 Mtoe biomass based energy production, 110.4 Mtoe will be heat and electricity. Along with combustion, EU (European Union) focuses on increasing the share of biofuels production to achieve the EU 2020 target to reach 10% share of renewables in the transportation sector. For both aforementioned bioconversion routes, large amount of feedstocks, produced in a sustainable way, are required. Miscanthus, being a perennial dedicated energy crop has the potential to deliver high yields by using the soil resources efficiently. However, the per unit energy yield depends not only on biomass yield but also quality of biomass relevant for a specific end use. For miscanthus based combustion, high lignin contents increase the energy yield of the biomass. The main challenges are high emissions (e.g. NOx) and combustion relevant problems such as corrosion, fouling and low ash melting temperature. Other than for combustion, the high lignin content is the main problem during miscanthus based ethanol production. Presently, M. x giganteus is the only commercially grown genotype, however a wide range of genotypes are being tested under the European conditions to select the most promising ones for both combustion and ethanol production. Therefore, the focus of this study is to evaluate the biomass quality of different miscanthus genotypes for combustion and ethanol production and relevant measures for each bioconversion route to optimize biomass quality at field level to fit the user demand. To realise the aim of this study, two different field trials were used: 1) long term field trial with 15 miscanthus genotypes (four M. x giganteus, one M. sacchariflorus, five M. sinensis hybrids and five M. sinensis genotypes) was established as randomized block design with three replications; 2) field trial with M. x giganteus and switchgrass was established as a randomized split plot design with different crops as main plots, divided into three subplots with different N levels (0, 40, and 80 kg N ha-1a-1). The biomass samples collected from these field trials were processed and analysed in laboratory to test the biomass quality parameters for combustion (mineral analysis, silicon, chloride, ash, moisture and ash melting behaviour) and ethanol production (fiber analysis, acid/base based pre-treatment). The outcomes of this study show that at biomass production level, crop management practices such as selection of appropriate genotypes, fertilization and time of harvesting determine the yield, biomass quality, overall cost of production and environmental performance of the crop for a specific bioconversion route (combustion, ethanol production). The ash melting behavior during combustion process can be improved through appropriate genotype selection from an ash deformation temperature of 800 °C up to 1100 °C. For ethanol production, fiber composition can be improved up to 16% through appropriate genotype selection by decreasing the lignin content and improving the cellulose content. This improvement will not be completely translated to increase in ethanol yield. However, it can improve the overall efficiency of conversion process by decreased the lignin content and subsequently lowering the energy and chemical inputs required for pre-treatment. In this study, no quantification is made about improvement in final ethanol yield. In fertilization, N fertilization is very important because it constituted up to 72% of the emissions in the conducted LCA described in chapter-1. Therefore, in case of high N fertilization, it not only affects the biomass quality but also increases the cost of biomass production and decreases the environmental performance of the crop. Based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that at this location 40 kg N ha-1a-1 fertilization is sufficient to achieve good yield and quality biomass under late harvest regimes (March). At 40 kg N ha-1a-1 fertilization, the N content in the harvested biomass was still well below the threshold level set (0.3-1%) for biomass by the ENplus wood pellets. The other important factor which offers opportunity to optimize biomass quality is time of harvesting. Through appropriate harvesting time, biomass combustion quality can be improved up to 30% through decreasing the mineral, chloride and ash content whereas for ethanol production, fiber composition can be improved up to 12% by decreasing the lignin content. In practical terms, the delay in harvest will help to meet the set quality standards and counter the relevant challenges for each bioconversion route. In current study, none of the biomasses harvested from the different miscanthus genotypes, except for M. sinensis, could meet the ENplus-B wood pellet standards. For combustion, early ripening thin stemmed genotypes such as M. sinensis are recommended under late harvest regime (March). However, the low yield of these genotypes is a major concern because low biomass quantity decreases the final energy yield. Considering the high dry matter yield, cellulose and hemicellulose content, M. x giganteus and M. sacchariflorus are recommended for ethanol production under early harvest regimes (September-October). However, the high lignin content of M. x giganteus and M. sacchariflorus reduces the efficiency of overall process. Therefore, in this study recommendations were given to breeders about development of new genotypes for combustion by combining interesting traits such as high yield and lignin content of M. x giganteus, low ash content of M. sacchariflorus, low mineral content especially K and Cl of M. sinensis, whereas for ethanol production low lignin content of M. sinensis can be combined with high yield of M. x giganteus. This study suggests that optimization of biomass quality for a specific end use can be achieved through adoption of appropriate crop management practices such as selection of appropriate genotype and time of harvesting. This is the most cost-effective way with least environmental implications.
Biostimulant and arbuscular mycorrhizae application on four major biomass crops as the base of phytomanagement strategies in metal-contaminated soils
(2024) Peroni, Pietro; Liu, Qiao; Lizarazu, Walter Zegada; Xue, Shuai; Yi, Zili; von Cossel, Moritz; Mastroberardino, Rossella; Papazoglou, Eleni G.; Monti, Andrea; Iqbal, Yasir; Peroni, Pietro; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.P.); (R.M.); (A.M.); Liu, Qiao; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.L.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); Lizarazu, Walter Zegada; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.P.); (R.M.); (A.M.); Xue, Shuai; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.L.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); Yi, Zili; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.L.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); Von Cossel, Moritz; Department of Biobased Resources in the Bioeconomy (340b), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Mastroberardino, Rossella; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.P.); (R.M.); (A.M.); Papazoglou, Eleni G.; Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;; Monti, Andrea; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.P.); (R.M.); (A.M.); Iqbal, Yasir; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.L.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); Latowski, Dariusz; Kumar, Adarsh
Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and mycorrhizae application on biomass production and phytoextraction potential of four lignocellulosic crops grown under two metal-contaminated soils. Two greenhouse pot trials were setup to evaluate two annual species (sorghum, hemp) in Italy and two perennial ones (miscanthus, switchgrass) in China, under mycorrhizae (M), root (B2) and foliar (B1) biostimulants treatments, based on humic substances and protein hydrolysates, respectively, applied both alone and in combination (MB1, MB2). MB2 increased the shoot dry weight (DW) yield in hemp (1.9 times more), sorghum (3.6 times more) and miscanthus (tripled) with additional positive effects on sorghum and miscanthus Zn and Cd accumulation, respectively, but no effects on hemp metal accumulation. No treatment promoted switchgrass shoot DW, but M enhanced Cd and Cr shoot concentrations (+84%, 1.6 times more, respectively) and the phytoextraction efficiency. Root biostimulants and mycorrhizae were demonstrated to be more efficient inputs than foliar biostimulants to enhance plant development and productivity in order to design effective phytomanagement strategies in metal-contaminated soil.
Social-ecologically more sustainable agricultural production
(2023) von Cossel, Moritz; Castro-Montoya, Joaquín; Iqbal, Yasir