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Publication
Beratungsangebote zur Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft : Bericht im Rahmen von DiWenkLa, TP 3, Dezember 2024
(2025) Koroed, Olga; Gutekunst, Leoni; Ueltgesforth, Jan; Knierim, Andrea
The adoption of digital technologies in agriculture requires not only technological advancements but also targeted support through advisory services and education. As part of the DiWenkLa project, this study examines the role of advisory services in the digitalization of agricultural enterprises. Through a systematic analysis, existing services are identified, categorized, and evaluated based on their content and availability. Additionally, case studies and expert interviews provide deeper insights into the challenges and opportunities of digital technologies for farms. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the conditions and influencing factors of agricultural digitalization.
Publication
Genetics and breeding for humoral immunity and feed efficiency in indigenous chicken population in Kenya
(2024) Miyumo, Sophie; Chagunda, Mizeck
Indigenous chicken (IC) population contribute to food, nutrition, livelihood and economic security in many rural households in developing countries in the tropical regions. Despite their contribution, IC are predominantly raised under challenging free-range systems which limit their optimal production potential and utilization. Of significance, are disease morbidity and scarcity of feed resources. Indigenous chicken are exposed to a myriad of pathogens that cause various poultry diseases which result to massive production and economic losses. Among these diseases is Newcastle disease (NCD) which is endemic in the tropics and is considered important because of high prevalence and mortality rates. Seasonal variation in availability and quality of feed resources have a negative impact on production costs and performance of chicken. Furthermore, with climate change effects, environmental conditions are expected to significantly impact feed availability and pathogen epidemiology. Selective breeding for disease resistance and feed efficiency traits is an avenue through which individuals that are adaptative to disease-prone production environments, with ability to efficiently convert available feed resources into products and support their maintenance requirements can be sustainably produced. Therefore, this thesis aimed to generate information that can guide breeding decisions on selection for improved health and efficient production to enhance the overall performance of the indigenous chicken population in Kenya. Chapter 1 presented an overview on the relevance of indigenous chicken genetic resources in developing countries with respect to their proportion among chicken population, contribution at household and national levels, and adaptive capacity to local environments. The challenges experienced in IC production systems in developing countries and their impacts on productivity and profitability, with a focus on diseases and scarcity in feed resources were addressed in this chapter. Management strategies practiced on-farm to control diseases and cope with seasonal availability of feed resources and the limitations of these strategies were also discussed. Proposed alternative strategies related to selective breeding for traits that can be utilized to manage diseases and scarcity in feed resources in IC production systems were presented in this chapter. Finally, the chapter gave a justification for this study, and objective and outline of the thesis. Literature estimates of genetic parameters are considered resourceful in instances where estimates for traits of interest are not available or insufficient. Estimates obtained from different studies, however, may vary due to differences in population among other factors. The choice of which estimate from sampled studies to use, is in most cases subjective and this may lead to either underestimation or overestimation of potential genetic progress. Chapter 2 assessed the robustness of literature estimates of genetic parameters for traits of economic importance in chicken performing in the tropical and sub-tropical environments using meta-analysis. Additive genetic, maternal environment and residual variances, and heritability estimates for traits related to immunity, reproduction, survival, growth, egg production and feed efficiency from 70 studies were considered. Heterogeneity index showed that published estimates of the genetic parameters sampled from different studies significantly varied in each of the traits. Based on total variance, a higher proportion of the variation in genetic parameters were more due to random effect of study than sampling error. Reliability estimates (relative standard error) of the genetic parameters varied across the traits considered in this study, in which, traits well represented in terms of number of published estimated had lower levels of variation compared to traits with low published estimated. Study characteristics related to population, production system, estimation methods, sex, age and antigen (only for immune traits) significantly influenced variation in the sampled genetic parameters across the traits. Pooled genetic parameters estimated in this study using the inverse of sampling variance as a weighting factor indicate that the weighted averages of genetic parameters can be utilized where estimates are not available or insufficient. The significant variation among sampled studies and low reliability estimated in some of the traits imply that genetic parameter estimates from literature should be applied with caution to prevent negative impacts on breeding decisions and genetic progress. In addition, differences in study characteristics should be considered in order to use estimates from studies with population and production conditions characteristics that closely resemble the intended population and production system. Antibody response to challenging conditions is suggested a suitable indicator trait that can be utilized for indirect improvement of disease resistance. However, prior to selection, understanding the genetic background of antibody response in the population of interest is a prerequisite in setting up an effective selection strategy. Chapter 3 investigated non-genetic and genetic sources of variation in natural antibodies binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin antigen (KLH-NAbs) and specific antibodies binding to NCD virus (NDV-IgG). Non-genetic factors related to sex, population, phylogenetic cluster, generation, line, genotype and age significantly influenced the antibody traits, and should therefore be accounted for in genetic evaluations to reduce bias and improve accuracy of selection. Considerable amount of additive genetic variation was observed in the KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG traits, implying possibilities of improvement of the antibody traits through selective breeding. However, the low to moderate heritability estimated in the antibody traits indicate that relatively low accuracy levels would be expected and hence, reduced rate of genetic gains if mass selection would be used. Positive genetic correlations observed among KLH-NAb isotypes (KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG and KLH-IgA) suggest that the isotypes can be improved simultaneously. In contrast, KLH-NAbs were negatively correlated with NDV-IgG implying that genetic improvement of natural antibodies would be associated with low specific antibodies binding NDV. These findings provide a better understanding of factors affecting antibody traits in a heterogeneous chicken population and may enable effective decisions prior to inclusion of immune parameters in breeding programs intended for tropically adapted chicken. Considering that an effective immune system is heavily dependent on metabolic resources for maintenance and deployment of various immune responses, improved antibody levels is expected to compete for nutrients and energy with other functions, such as production. Besides, given the scarcity in feed resources in production systems in Kenya, competition for nutrients and energy among biological functions is likely to influence the efficiency of feed utilization. Therefore, it is pertinent to also determine the pleiotropic nature between the immunity, production and feed efficiency traits. Chapter 4 estimated genetic and phenotypic correlations among antibody, feed efficiency and production traits measured pre- (nine to 20 weeks of age) and post- (12 weeks from on-set of lay) maturity. Results revealed that improved feed efficiency would be associated with high growth rates, early maturing chicken, high egg mass and reduced feed intake. In contrast, improved general (KLH-IgM) and specific (NDV-IgG) immunity would result in lower growth rates and egg mass but associated with early sexual maturation and high feed intake. Negative genetic correlations estimated between feed efficiency and antibody traits imply that chicken of higher productivity and antibody levels will consume more feed to support both functions. These associations indicate that selective breeding for feed efficiency and immune competence may have genetic consequences on production traits and should therefore be accounted for in IC improvement programs. Based on marketable end products, a breeding goal targeting simultaneous improvement of meat and egg production to develop a dual-purpose (ICD) breed that can perform in low to medium input systems is recommended for the IC population. However, due to the dynamics in market forces over time, goals targeting specialized production to develop a meat (ICM) and a layer (ICL) breed that can perform in medium to high input systems are also recommended as alternatives. Prior to defining the selection criteria across the goals, it is necessary to determine optimal combination of traits in an index because this has an impact on the overall genetic merit of an individual and total index response. Chapter 5 evaluated various selection strategies for adoption in ICD and ICL and ICM goals in indigenous chicken breeding with respect to total index response, accuracy of selection, rate of inbreeding and number of generations of selection required to achieve pre-defined genetic gains. Selection strategy targeting only production traits in a goal had the highest total index response, highest index accuracy (only ICM goal) and lowest inbreeding rate per generation, and least number of generations of selection required to achieve pre-defined gains. The index was, however, associated with unfavorable correlated responses in feed efficiency and antibody traits. Addition of both feed efficiency and antibody response in a goal indicated favorable genetic gains could be achieved in these traits. Conversely, this strategy reduced total index response and increased the rate of inbreeding per generation and required additional number of generations of selection to achieve desired gains pre-defined in each of the goals. Inclusion of either feed-related traits or antibody traits in a goal showed that feed-related traits had a more negative impact on the total index response per generation but improved selection accuracy in the ICD and ICL goals compared to antibody traits. Based on these results, choice of whether to include feed efficiency or/and antibody response in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals should depend on targeted production system, resource availability to support additional number of generations of selection and magnitude of correlated responses on these traits when not included in the goals. Lastly, a synthesis of the thesis is presented in Chapter 6 where practical relevance and utilization of findings of the thesis in designing a breeding program for indigenous chicken population is demonstrated.
Publication
Anaerobic treatment of a biorefinery’s process-wastewater
(2024) Khan, Muhammad Tahir; Lemmer, Andreas
The phrase “one man's trash is another man’s treasure” perfectly embodies the concept of a circular bioeconomy, emphasizing the conversion of waste into valuable resources while embracing a zero-waste approach. In line with this perspective, the primary objective of the current research was to assess the suitability of a biorefinery’s process-wastewater as a potential feedstock for biogas plants by investigating its anaerobic biodegradability and exploring its biogas and methane production potentials. For such a specific purpose, the process-wastewater from a commercial-scale biorefinery specializing in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) synthesis and refining was utilized. To fulfill the main objective, three independent sub-objectives were formulated. The initial investigation centered on assessing the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the typical constituents present in process-wastewater, such as furans (5-HMF and furfural), phenols (syringaldehyde, vanillin, and phenol), and weak acids (levulinic and glycolic acid), as well as the full 5-HMF process-wastewater. The BMP assessments for each test substance were conducted separately at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8 gCOD/L) and temperatures (37°C and 53°C) via the Hohenheim batch fermentation test. The model components at 2 gCOD/L, apart from phenol at 53°C, were efficaciously degraded, in most cases to such an extent, that supplementary methane generation was detected i.e. exceeding their maximum theoretical limits. However, increasing the concentrations of the test components in the assays resulted in diminishing methane conversion at both operating temperatures. Eventually, among the tested components, the 5-HMF process-wastewater was evaluated to be one of the most refractory substrates, following phenol, vanillin, and 5-HMF, when tested at its maximum load under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The subsequent investigation focused on examining the anaerobic decomposition of the 5-HMF process-wastewater and its main identified constituents, including 5-HMF, furfural, and levulinic acid in continuously operated anaerobic filters (AFs). The test substances were individually injected into the biofilm reactors operating at 43°C in a controlled manner with a randomized experimental design. This study yielded some unusual outcomes i.e., the test substrates exhibited satisfactory degradation, while at other instances, they hampered the process. Introducing butyric acid between the injected components revealed no signs of compromised consortia. The 5-HMF process-wastewater in this investigation emerged as the least favorable substrate for methane conversion. The culmination of the current research involved utilizing the 5-HMF process-wastewater as a sole feedstock for the fixed-bed reactors. Hence, necessary nutrients to support the existing microbial consortia in the AFs were added to the process-wastewater. Given its toxic nature, the substrate dosage was initiated from its reduced concentration of 10 gCOD/L and was gradually increased to 20, 30, 40, and 50 gCOD/L, with corresponding organic loading rates (OLRs) of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 gCOD/L.d, respectively, as the trial progressed. Despite meeting the nutrient requirements, the gas yields, in particular methane, were not remarkable. However, a noteworthy finding surfaced: as the gCOD/L of the fed substrate increased, so did the concentrations of the short-chained volatile fatty acids (SCVFAs) in the reactors. This observation led to the conclusion that the low methane yields were at the behest of the accumulation of SCVFAs in the AFs, at both mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. Ultimately, the subpar performance of the process-wastewater as a substrate is considered to stem from its exceptionally high concentration of the pollutant 5-HMF, which significantly influences its overall characteristics, causing longer lag phases, especially at higher OLRs. This, in turn, triggers the inhibitory behavior, leading to reduced methane yields. Consequently, these factors render the 5-HMF process-wastewater a precarious choice for biogas plants in terms of efficient energy recovery. While AFs are well-suited technology for treating high-strength wastewaters, for the substrate such as 5-HMF process-wastewater, it might be beneficial to increase retention times by decreasing the OLRs. Additionally, reducing the strength via dilution combined with these adjusted process parameters could further enhance its decomposition. Anaerobic digestion (AD), traditionally used for energy recovery from (bio)wastes, has potential beyond biogas production in the bioeconomy. This research showed that the highly recalcitrant 5-HMF process-wastewater can be a viable source for producing SCVFAs through AD. Furthermore, the Muttenz biorefinery could utilize the filtration byproducts to produce levulinic acid, aligning with a cascading biorefinery approach.
Publication
Etablierung und Vernetzung digital-gestützter Systeme auf Pferdebetrieben unter Berücksichtigung der betriebswirtschaftlichen Optimierung
(2024) Speidel, Linda Thurid; Dickhöfer, Uta
Das Management eines pferdehaltenden Betriebs umfasst eine Vielzahl arbeitswirtschaftlicher Herausforderungen. Dazu zählen unter anderem die zeitintensiven Arbeitsabläufe, das notwendige Kundenmanagement in Pensions- und Schulpferdebetrieben sowie die begrenzte Verfügbarkeit von Fachkräften. Auf Ackerbau- und Veredelungsbetrieben wird der Nutzen der Digitalisierung bereits wahrgenommen, da deren Einsatz unter anderem Potenzial zur Zeitersparnis und Arbeitserleichterung bietet. Obgleich des genannten Potenzials sind Pferdebetriebe bisher wenig digitalisiert und technisiert, die Grundversorgung erfolgt meist manuell. Im Rahmen dieser, im Projekt „Digitale Wertschöpfungsketten für eine nachhaltige kleinstrukturiert Landwirtschaft“ (DiWenkLa) angefertigten, Forschungsarbeit wurde daher untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten der Digitalisierung bisher genutzt werden und unter welchen Voraussetzungen die einzelnen Systeme in Pferdebetrieben etabliert werden können. Des Weiteren wurde analysiert, welche Auswirkungen der Einsatz dieser Systeme auf den Arbeitszeitbedarf im Pferdebetrieb hat und welche Informationen über Schnittstellen zwischen den Systemen ausgetauscht werden können. Dafür wurden von März 2020 bis Oktober 2023 Experteninterviews, (Arbeitszeit-)Beobachtungen und Online-Befragungen durchgeführt. Zunächst wurden die vorhandenen Möglichkeiten der digitalen Technisierung auf Pferdebetrieben in der Fütterung von Rau- und Krippenfutter, der Entmistung und Einstreu, der Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsüberwachung sowie der Kommunikation und dem Betriebsmanagement untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf den Voraussetzungen, die erfüllt sein müssen, um ausgewählte digital-technische Systeme auf den Betrieben zu etablieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Beobachtungen und Befragungen bei pferdehaltenden Betrieben (N=1235) und den Kooperationspartnern aus der Industrie des Projekts DiWenkLa durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Einbindung digital-technischer Systeme von der Investitionsbereitschaft der Betriebsleitenden, der stabilen Internetverbindung, einer verfügbaren Stromversorgung in den Stallgebäuden (Steckdosen) und dem vorhandenen Haltungssystem (z. B. Einzel- oder Gruppenhaltung sowie Gliederung der Haltung in Funktionsbereiche) abhängt. Auf den an einer Online-Befragung teilnehmenden Pferdebetrieben (N=451) wurden Kameras zur Sicherheits- (30,8 %) und Gesundheitsüberwachung (22,6 %) sowie Software für die Kundenkommunikation (24,8 %) und das Betriebsmanagement (13,7 %) eingesetzt. Die automatisierte Fütterung von Krippenfutter (9,3 %) und Raufutter (7,3 %) war selten vorhanden. Eine Gliederung der Haltung in Funktionsbereiche führte zu einem vermehrten Einsatz digital-technischer Systeme. Als Gründe gegen den Einsatz neuer digital-technischer Systeme wurden von den 207 teilnehmenden Betriebsleitenden die fehlenden Finanzmittel, der unbekannte wirtschaftliche Nutzen sowie der Kontaktverlust zu den Tieren genannt. In Anlehnung an die vorliegenden Ergebnisse erscheint eine erneute Erhebung der vorhandenen Systeme auf Pferdebetrieben sinnvoll, um etwaige Veränderungen im Verlauf der Zeit abzubilden und die Gründe für die Investition in neue digital-technische Systeme zu ermitteln. Des Weiteren sollte untersucht werden, ob Einsteller bei einem höheren Digitalisierungsgrad im Pferdebetrieb bereit sind, einen höheren Pensionspreis zu bezahlen. Zu diesem Zweck könnte die Zahlungsbereitschaft beim Einsatz von z. B. Futterautomation und intelligenten Kameras zur Gesundheitsüberwachung abgefragt werden. Des Weiteren wurde analysiert, welche betriebswirtschaftlichen Vorteile die auf den Pferdebetrieben etablierten, digital gesteuerten Systeme mit sich bringen können. Dazu wurden die möglichen Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf den Arbeitszeitbedarf für verschiedene Arbeitsabläufe wie die Fütterung, Entmistung und Hütesicherheit untersucht. Dies wurde durch Zeiterfassungen mit und ohne den Einsatz der Systeme sowie mit Hilfe von Online-Befragungen (N=1014) und Experteninterviews (N=16) realisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen bei der Einzelhaltung von Pferden eine potenzielle Arbeitszeitersparnis in der Fütterung und Entmistung von bis zu 65 % durch eine automatisierte Fütterung von Rau- und Krippenfutter und den Einsatz von mobiler Technik, wie beispielsweise einem Hoflader. Zudem kann der Einsatz dieser Systeme auch dazu führen, dass die benötigte Arbeitszeit in anderen Arbeitsabläufen sinkt. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der Einsatz einer automatisierten Fütterung, welcher zu einer geringeren Arbeitszeit in der Kundenkommunikation führte. Dies wurde in den durchgeführten Datenerhebungen dadurch begründet, dass gewünschte Änderungen in der Rationsgestaltung automatisiert erfolgen und somit nicht persönlich kommuniziert werden müssen. Darüber hinaus lassen sich durch eine digitale Absprache und die Dokumentation wesentlicher Arbeitsschritte und Änderungen in den Abläufen sowie Kundenwünschen Fehler reduzieren und Missverständnisse vermeiden. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse sollten die Abfragen der Arbeitszeitbedarfe der Arbeitsabläufe mit exakten und vorgegebenen Werten wiederholt und teilweise ergänzt werden. Dies betrifft z. B. den Zeitbedarf für das Betriebsmanagement, die Tierkontrolle und den Weidegang. Dadurch können die vorhandenen Kalkulationsgrundlagen aktualisiert und das Bewusstsein der Betriebsleitenden für teils unbeachteten Arbeitszeitaufwand geschärft werden. Dieser kann wiederum durch den Einsatz von digital-technischen Systemen reduziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Konzept für eine Schnittstelle für digitale Systeme für Pferdebetriebe entwickelt, um den Datenaustausch zwischen Systemen zu vereinfachen und somit die Übersichtlichkeit der verschiedenen Informationen aus den eingesetzten Technologien zu optimieren sowie zusätzliche Zeitersparnis zu gewährleisten. Dazu wurden mittels Experteninterviews (N=20 Experten) die auszutauschenden Informationen zwischen Systemen für die Fütterung, die Entmistung und Einstreu, die Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsüberwachung sowie das Betriebsmanagement und die Kommunikation identifiziert, um eine verbesserte Übersicht für die Betriebsleitenden zu gewährleisten. In diesem Kontext wurde der Datenaustausch zwischen Futterautomationen und Kommunikationssoftware als besonders relevant hervorgehoben. Je nach Bedarf können die Informationen aus dem Datenaustausch transparent an die Kunden (z. B. Einsteller) weitergegeben werden. Eine Online-Befragung ergab, dass die Mehrheit (57,2 %) aller Teilnehmenden (N=451) Interesse an einer Vernetzung der Systeme zeigt. In zukünftigen Untersuchungen könnten zum einen die Gründe für das Interesse an einer Vernetzung analysiert werden, da bisher lediglich die Gegenposition untersucht wurde (d.h. Gründe gegen das Interesse an der Vernetzung). Zum anderen könnte die Einbindung weiterer Systeme neben den genannten geprüft werden, insbesondere die Anbindung der vorhandenen Hardware (z. B. Solarien, Aquatrainer) an das Internet und die (standardisierte) Programmierung der Schnittstelle, um z. B. eine unkomplizierte und transparente Abrechnung der Nutzung zu ermöglichen. Die Etablierung und Vernetzung digital-technischer Systeme in Pferdebetrieben ist bei erfüllbaren Voraussetzungen als sinnvoll anzusehen, da sie eine Arbeitszeiteinsparung generieren, eine Entlastung der Arbeitskräfte ermöglichen, die Kommunikation verbessern und das Betriebsmanagement sowie die Sicherheits- und Gesundheitskontrolle der Tiere vereinfachen. Diese Faktoren sind neben der Beachtung und Verbesserung des Tierwohls für eine nachhaltige, zukunftsfähige Pferdehaltung unabdingbar.