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Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie

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    Suitability of conventional flowering fields and organic lentil mixed-crops to promote biodiversity on arable land
    (2020) Gayer, Christoph; Dieterich, Martin
    The rapid agricultural intensification during the last decades is among the main drivers of the dramatic and ongoing biodiversity loss on earth. The decline of species diversity and associated ecosystem services due to highly intensified farming practices and structural simplified agricultural landscapes includes the reduction of species richness and abundance of species. The loss of species and related shifts in species communities can also lead to altered functional traits within species communities. It can also include deteriorated population developments of single species known to be important ecosystem service suppliers for agricultural production. In Europe, billions of euros are spent each year to support farmers for applying environmentally friendly practices, but so far biodiversity continues to decline. This calls for the development of more effective biodiversity conservation measures on agricultural land. Within the framework of agri-environmental measures, agronomically non-productive measures exist such as the establishment of flowering fields, but there are also production integrated measures such as the organic farming of crops. Further, the growing of flowering lentil mixed-crops could be a valuable, but rarely studied option to further increase the biodiversity benefits of organic farming systems. Up to that, little is known about the relative effectiveness of non-productive flowering fields under conventional management and organically farmed mono- as well as lentil mixed-crops for the promotion of biodiversity on arable land. Within the scope of this thesis, i studied biodiversity effects in response to the establishment of annual flowering fields under conventional management, organically managed winter spelt as well as organic lentil mixed-crops. These three crop-use types were compared to conventional winter wheat (control). Besides, I took into account biodiversity effects of the within-field position (field edge versus interior) as well as the surrounding landscape complexity in 500 m around each study field. To get a comprehensive overview about potential biodiversity effects and related ecosystem functions in response to the four crop-use types, I assessed the abundance, species richness and community composition of wild plants (primary producers), carabids and spiders (ground-dwelling predators) as well as butterflies and wild bees (flower-visiting arthropods). I further assessed the functional diversity of carabids as an important species group for biological pest control. To quantify functional diversity in comparison between the four crop-use types, I used the community weighted means and functional divergence of three ecological traits – body size, feeding type, and flight ability. These traits can affect mobility (body size, flight ability) as well as pest and weed seed predation (feeding type, body size) of carabids. Last, I measured the population development of colonies of Bombus terrestris, I observed weight gain, foraging activity, worker body size, queen brood cell number and stored pollen types of colonies exposed at each study field in 2018. I found clear taxon-specific effects of the total abundance and species richness in response to the studied crop-use types. No distinct differences were found for the community composition, which was similar between crop-use types. Arable wild plants benefited most strongly from organic farming, in particular from lentil mixed-crops, but also from field edges. Ground-dwelling arthropods were also mainly promoted by field edges, whereas flower-visiting arthropods solely benefited from conventional flowering fields and organic lentil mixed-crops. Carabid functional diversity was higher at the field edge than the interior irrespectively of crop-use type. Feeding type diversity (carnivorous, ominovorous, herbivorous) of carabid assemblages did also profit from conventional flowering fields and organic winter spelt. Colonies of Bombus terrestries had higher foraging activity and larger body sizes, if exposed at organic winter spelt fields, whereas weight gain and queen brood cell numbers were unaffected by local crop-use type. Pollen stores within the colonies were dominated by Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) irrespectively of crop-use type. Phacelia was part of the sown seed-mixture in flowering fields, indicating a landscape-wide attraction of flowering fields as pollen source for Bombus terrestris. Over all studies i found only minor effects of the surrounding landscape, except the negative correlation between flower cover and pollen diversity of Bombus terrestris colonies. In summary, this thesis revealed that the establishing of annual flowering fields can be an appropriate measure to enhance biodiversity in conventional farming systems. Organic lentil mixed-crops are appropriate to further increase biodiversity benefits of organic farming systems. Within the conducted studies, different crop-use types promoted specific species groups and thereby different components of biodiversity. Hence, the results of this thesis reveal, that there is no single best measure for the promotion of biodiversity on arable land. Instead, the additive effects of non-productive and productive measures as well as field edge habitats underline, that a mosaic of different types of measures hold the greatest potential to benefit overall biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, future agri-environmental schemes should provide particular incentives for individual farmers to apply a diversity of different measures on their farmland and should foster the collaboration and spatially coordinated implementation of complementary biodiversity measures between multiple farmers at the landscape scale.