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Browsing Landesanstalten by Subject "Adult-plant resistance"

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    Mapping stem rust and leaf rust resistances in winter rye (Secale cereale L.)
    (2023) Gruner, Paul; Miedaner, Thomas
    Rye (Seale cereale L.) is one of the few cross-pollinating small-grain cereals and is mainly used for bread baking, biogas production and as animal feed. In its largest cultivation area (Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation) two major rust diseases, stem rust (SR) caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis and leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia recondita, can cause severe yield losses. Whereas LR can be found in most rye growing areas every year, SR is occurring less regularly, but can become epidemic in some years. The general occurrence of stem rust in Germany is becoming more regular, especially when hot summers provide optimum conditions for the growth and the spread of this fungus. Resistant cultivars can be a successful way to control both diseases, but SR is not assessed in the (German) variety registration and still several cultivars can be found that are susceptible or medium resistant for LR. Before the studies of this thesis were conducted, no marker-associated SR resistance gene locus was known and only six LR resistance loci had been reported. Rust resistances can be classified into all-stage resistances (ASR), that are usually caused by single R-genes and adult-plant resistances (APR), that are characterized by smaller (quantitative) effects and can only be observed in the adult-plant stage and thus make field tests mandatory. This thesis aimed on identifying resistant genotypes and respective resistance loci for SR and LR resistances in the rye genome. Two different material groups were used: biparental populations composed of inbred lines and populations composed of self-incompatible single plants. In total ten biparental populations and two additional testcross populations were studied, each constituting 68-90 genotypes. Self-incompatible populations were genetic resources from the Russian Federation, Austria and the United States of America and had 68-74 single plants each. Inbred lines were assessed in multi-environmental field trials (4-6 environments per population) and to guarantee high disease pressure, SR was artificially inoculated in contrast to naturally occurring LR in all environments. In addition, two different kind of seedling tests, one based on inoculations of entire seedling plants and one based on inoculation of detached leaves, were used to assess SR resistance. Mixed linear models were used to analyze the phenotypic data from field experiments and (mixed) cumulative logit models were used to analyze ordinal data resulting from seedling tests. Due to small sample size of a single detached leaf per genotype and isolate in self-incompatible populations, the results based on cumulative modes were cross checked with a non-parametric test. Both, progenies from biparental populations and single plants from self-incompatible populations were genotyped with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based markers (Illumina iSelect 10K SNP chip or DArTseqTM) and appropriate statistical tests for phenotype-marker association were applied. This was achieved by extending phenotypic models with additive and dominant marker effects and their respective interaction with the environment or the isolates. Two marker-associated SR ASR loci (Pgs1, Pgs3.1) could be identified in biparental populations that were responsible for (large) qualitative differences between resistant and susceptible plants in the field and/or seedling stage. Additionally, 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were shown to be responsible for SR APR. For LR, except one QTL found at similar position compared to a previous study, two new genes (Pr7, Pr8) and three QTLs were identified. Self-incompatible rye populations were used for the first time for association mapping and three SR resistance loci (Pgs1 - Pgs3) could be identified. Two thereof were also found within biparental mapping populations by means of QTL mapping and this was considered as prove of this new method. Throughout all studies, the natural cross-pollinating character of rye had to be considered in choosing appropriate methods and for developing rust resistant rye hybrids. This thesis includes breeding material from the largest European rye breeding companies and experiments were conducted in close cooperation with them. The characterization of breeding material for SR and LR infection, development of (new) mapping approaches, detection of resistance loci and marker candidates in the rye genome and finally the discussion of selection strategies provides a solid basis for breeders to develop the most durable SR and LR resistant rye cultivars. For scientists, new research topics could be, for example, the cloning of rye genes or a more thorough understanding of pathogen dynamics to finally achieve durable resistance in future.