Browsing by Subject "Anthraknose"

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    Anthracnose in white lupin : genetic diversity, virulence and host resistance
    (2022) Alkemade, Joris A.; Vögele, Ralf
    White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a grain legume that is known for its high protein content, nutritional quality, efficient nitrogen fixation and unique ability to form specialized cluster roots that support phosphorus uptake. Despite a severe production decline at the end of the past century, white lupin has seen a recent revival to sustain the demand for plant-based protein and reduce Europe’s dependency on imported soybean. A major problem in (white) lupin cultivation is anthracnose disease, caused by the globally dispersed, seed- and air-borne fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lupini. This PhD thesis aims to provide insights on how to sustainably control anthracnose disease in white lupin in order to support its re-introduction into European cultivation systems. It describes (i) the genetic diversity, phylogeography and virulence of C. lupini, (ii) the development of a high-throughput phenotyping protocol to reliably screen white lupin germplasm, (iii) a genome-wide association study identifying resistance candidate genes and (iv) the exploration of effective seed treatments to reduce the primary pathogen inoculum. Multi-locus phylogeny and morphological characterization of 39 C. lupini isolates showed that diversity is greater than previously reported, distinguishing a total of six genetic groups and ten distinct morphotypes. Highest diversity was found across the South American Andes, indicating it to be the center of origin of C. lupini. Results reveal that the current pandemic is caused by strains belonging to genetic group II, which are spread globally, and are genetically and morphologically uniform. Group II isolates were shown to be highly aggressive on tested white and Andean lupin accessions. Isolates belonging to the other five genetic groups were mostly found locally and showed distinct virulence patterns on both white and Andean lupin accessions. Despite its uniformity, it was shown that two highly virulent group II isolates from Chile could overcome resistance of elite white lupin breeding material, stressing the need to implement phytosanitary protocols for international seed transports. A reliable high-throughput phenotyping tool was developed to identify anthracnose resistance in white lupin germplasm and study pathogen-host interactions. Phenotyping under controlled conditions, performing stem wound inoculation on seedlings, showed to be applicable for high-throughput and its disease scores strongly correlated with two-year Swiss field disease assessments (r = 0.95) and yield (r = -0.64). Phenotyping a diverse set of 40 white lupin accessions revealed eight accessions with improved resistance to anthracnose, which can be incorporated into white lupin breeding programs. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was done to dissect the genetic architecture for anthracnose resistance in white lupin. White lupin genotypes, collected from the center of domestication and traditional cultivation regions, were screened for anthracnose resistance and characterized through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). GWAS revealed two significant SNPs associated with anthracnose resistance on gene Lalb_Chr05_g0216161, encoding a RING zinc-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase potentially involved in plant immunity. Further validation experiments are now required to confirm involvement in plant resistance. Population analysis showed a remarkably fast linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay, weak population structure and grouping of commercial varieties with landraces, corresponding to the slow domestication history and scarce breeding efforts in white lupin. A total of eleven different seed treatments was tested in field trials in Switzerland between 2018 and 2021 to identify treatments that reduce C. lupini infection levels in white lupin. Treatments consisted of hot water, steam, electron, long term storage, vinegar, plant extracts and biological control agents (BCAs). The BCAs were tested under controlled conditions for potential antagonistic activity against C. lupini during white lupin infection prior to field trials. Results showed that long term storage and vinegar treatments can successfully reduce disease incidence and increase yield to levels similar to those observed for certified seeds. In order to sustainably and effectively control anthracnose disease in white lupin, an integrative approach, including modern breeding efforts, disease prevention strategies and mixed cropping systems, is recommended. Further research is required to increase our understanding on white lupin-C. lupini interaction and to identify genetic regions involved in resistance or virulence, respectively, which could greatly support white lupin breeding. This thesis provides the basis to further explore C. lupini population dynamics, virulence and host-speciation, white lupin resistance mechanisms and sustainable ways to control anthracnose disease in order to further facilitate successful white lupin cultivation.
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    Pflanzenbauliche Untersuchungen zum ökologischen Anbau von Körnerleguminosen an sommertrockenen Standorten Südwestdeutschlands
    (2007) Poetsch, Jens; Claupein, Wilhelm
    Grain legumes, as nitrogen fixing crop, protein rich animal feed and marketable product are of great importance for organic agriculture. Due to staged abolition of the possibility to add non-organic products in organic animal feeding, the EU?s demand for organically produced protein feed is further increasing. Field bean (Vicia faba) and field pea (Pisum sativum) are large-scale crops but feature a limited feeding value. Lupin species (Lupinus spp.) excel by protein contents of up to 40% in the seed and higher protein value. At warmth favoured locations in southwestern Germany the valuable soybean (Glycine max) can be grown successfully and obtain above-average proceeds in natural food industry. Constraints of yield stability of grain legumes result amongst other things from frequently high weed infestation in organic cropping systems and suboptimal water supply at summer-dry locations. For lupins, moreover, particular soil requirements and the seed-borne fungal disease anthracnosis are problematic. Nitrogen residues after harvest are relevant for subsequent crop as well as groundwater protection. The presented work aimed at defining preconditions and developing cropping strategies to optimise yield stability and level of organically grown grain legumes with a main focus on summer-dry locations, to increase diversity of cultivatable crops and provide information on disposition of nitrogen residues. For this purpose from 2003 to 2005 trials at several locations as well as in greenhouse and laboratory were accomplished. Field trials on organic weed control in soybean as well as white and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus albus und L. angustifolius) were conducted at organically managed commercial sites in the upper rhine valley. At the same time agronomic measures for optimisation of competitiveness and machinery implementation were varied. Early high soil coverage and crop height contributed considerably to grain legumes? competitiveness. Delayed sowing at elevated temperatures supported rapid juvenile development and allowed for pre-sowing weed control. At optimum sowing date these effects may be used without yield depression or maturity problems. Reduced row distance was beneficial for optimum space utilisation and early crop closure, but effectiveness of mechanical means was highest at high row distance and large areal proportion for interrow cultivation. As an optimum compromise for grain legumes row distances of 30 - 35 cm are recommended. Optimum impact of mechanical means against weeds was achieved by combining interrow cultivation with harrow or fingerweeder. Forgoing interrow cultivation may be considered in strongly competitive crops like field bean. Lupin species appeared rather poor in competitiveness compared to other crops. Field trials on effects of cultivar and cropping strategy on overwintering and yield performance of autumn-sown field bean, field pea and white lupin were conducted at three locations. Summer drought caused substantial yield advantages of autumn-sown compared to spring-sown cultivars due to superior water supply at earlier flowering. With sufficient water supply a head start was not yield effective. Differing coincidence with pests and diseases could account for advantages (head start on aphid infestation) or disadvantages (fungal infections during winter period) of autumn-sown cultivars. Overwintering was excellent for winter field bean and good for winter field pea. For winter white lupin further trials are required. Temperatures down to -12°C were well endured by all of the three crops. The most important cropping parameter was the sowing date. Winter field bean permitted a relatively wide sowing window. Winter white lupin required strong development before winter and preferably early sowing. Sowing date of winter field pea presented an optimisation problem, because sowing too early leads to overdevelopment and reduced cold-tolerance, while sowing too late may reduce yield potential. Optimum sowing dates for southwestern Germany according to experimental results are in the range of early September (winter white lupin), mid-October (winter field bean) and late October (winter field pea). Water use efficiency may gain significantly in importance in the future. A two-year trial on cultivation prospects and yield performance of the notably drought tolerant chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in the upper rhine valley resulted in successful crop development, but problems with empty pods and inadequate grain quality. Further trials are considered promising. A field trial with white and narrow-leafed lupin confirmed that anthracnosis of lupin spreads less rapidly and yield effectively at summer-dry locations, and narrow-leafed lupin frequently stays unaffected. Laboratory studies for optimising detection methodology of the causative organism Colletotrichum lupini showed advantages of using sectioned petri dishes (quad plates), which confined propagation of disturbing organisms. A trial on seed storage under different temperatures, seed moisture contents and CO2-atmosphere produced no distinct treatment effect, but could confirm the general decrease of seed infection by storage. According to literature hot air (approx. 4 days at 65°C) also reduces seed infection effectively. Thus, storage or hot air treatment of basic seed and propagation at summer-dry locations appear as a viable over-all strategy. Difficult soil requirements of white and narrow-leafed lupin were studied by a pot trial as well as a comprehensive literature analysis. It is concluded that the so-called lime chlorosis is caused by HCO3--induced inactivation of physiologically relevant Fe(II) in the plant. Accumulation of HCO3- is basically caused by insufficient soil aeration and promoted by the presence of lime in the clay fraction. Furthermore, especially in narrow-leafed lupin, disturbances of root development are caused by high Ca-content or high and at the same time strongly buffered pH of soil solution. These conditions are often but not necessarily caused by lime. Analyses of harvest residues and soil were consulted for estimation of nitrogen dynamics. Immobilisation due to degradation of residues with high C:N ratio as well as uptake by catch crops contributed substantially to nitrogen conservation. Risk of leaching is predominantly site dependent. The over-all nitrogen balance of grain legumes when exporting the seed may be low or even negative. In conclusion, results of the presented work indicate that site adapted cropping systems with agronomic measures in the areas of crop rotation, choice of cultivar, sowing date or space allocation can still contribute considerably to yield stability in organic cultivation of grain legumes.