Browsing by Subject "Bodenschutzmaßnahmen"

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    Soil conservation methods and their impact on nitrogen cycling and competition in maize cropping systems on steep slopes in Northwest Vietnam
    (2015) Vu Dinh, Tuan; Cadisch, Georg
    Recent maize cultivation expansion into steep forested uplands in Vietnam led to severe erosion, soil degradation, and strong environmental impacts. Despite effectively controlling erosion, conservation measures often reduce crop yields due to resource competition. To foster uptake of soil conservation, a study including two experiments with bounded plots at two communes - Chieng Hac (21.02° N, 104.37° E, inclination: 53%) and Chieng Khoi (21.02° N, 104.32° E, inclination: 59%) - was carried out over a period of three years (2009-2911). The treatments included maize monocropping under intensive tillage and fertilization (T1, control), maize with Panicum maximum as grass barrier (T2), maize under minimum tillage (MT) with Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) as cover crop (T3), and maize under MT and relay cropped with Adzuki beans (Phaseolus calcaratus) (T4). Soil loss in 2010 and 2011 were also measured using sediment fences on unbounded maize fields under current farmers’ practice. The first part of the study assessed the magnitude of erosion and the mitigation potentiality of soil conservation measures. Under farmers’ practice, annual soil losses of bounded plots reached up to 174 t ha-1, being much higher than those from unbounded fields (up to 111 t ha 1). The majority of the soil loss occurred early in the season, when high rainfall intensities coincided with a low percent ground cover (<30%). To keep erosion rates below a tolerable soil loss (3 t/ha/yr) on steep slopes (53-59%) under an average annual rainfall of 1270 mm, a theoretical minimum ground cover of 95% is required at the onset of the crop season which was hardly achievable under monoculture system. Under conservation measures erosion was reduced by 39-84% in grass barriers or by 93-100% in MT with cover crops. A yield decline of 26% was observed in grass barrier treatments or up to 35% of cover crop plots if Pinto peanuts were not cut on time. Both options provided animal feed, up to 5.5 t/ha/yr dry matter of grass or 1.8 t/ha/yr dry matter of Pinto peanuts. Despite these potential benefits, constraints such as labour for grass barriers and cover crop establishment and cutting it afterwards, or difficulties in accessing and collecting maize cobs due to proliferate growth of Adzuki beans may hinder adoption by local farmers. To increase the incentive for adoption, the conservation system also has to use N fertilizer more efficiently. Therefore, the second part of the study examined the fate of applied 15N-labelled urea at the Chieng Hac site in 2010. At harvest, 21.6% of the labelled 15N was recovered by maize in T1, 8.9% in T2, 29% in T3, and 30.9% in T4. In T2, maize and P. maximum competed heavily for N with a total of 23.6% of the applied 15N found in the barriers next to application point. About 46-73% of the maize N uptake was derived from the soil, showing the important role of inherent soil N in these fertilized systems. MT reduced 15N translocation to deeper soil layers (40-80 cm), indicating a safety net function. Downslope translocation (>17 m) of applied 15N was <0.1 kg ha-1 as the majority of 15N added was vertically translocated and intercepted by plants along the slope. Despite implementation of an improved fertilization method, approximately 24-46% of N-fertilizer was unaccounted for, presumably lost via volatilization, denitrification, and leaching below 80 cm. Measured data for plot level showed that current farming practice (T1) induced a negative N balance of -142 kg N ha-1 in which residue burning and erosion were major pathways for N losses. A less severe negative N balance in T2 was attributed to reduced N losses by erosion while positive N balances of MT treatments were accredited to strongly reduced N losses via erosion and abandonment of burning plant residues in these treatments. The third part of the study investigated causes of competition in conservation systems three years after their establishment (2011). A pre-test at Chieng Hac in 2010 showed that abundance of water and the lack of N fertilization induced low grain N concentrations, enriched 15N;13C values in leaves, and reduced maize grain yield. This pattern was also observed in maize rows grown next to grass barriers or in cover crop plots at Chieng Khoi under good water availability conditions, indicating that these yield declines were mainly forced by lack of N. Additionally, a positive water balance throughout the maize cropping season further confirmed that water stress was absent. Moreover, enriched 15N values of maize rows close to the barriers suggested that these plants had to rely on soil N rather than on 15N derived from fertilizer N. Similarly, results of MT with simultaneous growth of A. pintoi pointed to N competition, resulting in a maize yield decline due to vigorous cover crop growth in T3. In contrast, MT with a relay crop (T4) had a similar maize yield, leaf N concentration, d15N, d13C as the control, suggesting N and water competition did not occur. In conclusion, soil erosion and nitrogen balances of current farming practice showed the urgent need to safeguard land resources, counteracting soil degradation but maintaining crop yields. The tested conservation techniques provide a range of characteristics to be considered as a sustainable system. The grass barrier as well as conservation systems controlled erosion, while minimum tillage with a cover crop further improved the nitrogen balance, and finally minimum tillage with a relay crop adds another advantage in maintaining crop production. Likelihood of adoption, however, may vary with how well appropriate incentives and land use policy fit to the area.