Browsing by Subject "Culture"

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Cultural differences in social media use, privacy, and self-disclosure
research report on a multicultural study
(2016) Masur, Philipp K.; Trepte, Sabine
This research report presents comparative results from five nations (United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, and China) with regard to social media use, self-disclosure, privacy perceptions and attitudes, and privacy behavior in online environments. The data stemmed from an online survey that was conducted from November, 2011, to December, 2011. Across all five nations, N = 1,800 participants completed the survey. The findings suggest that a broad differentiation between Western and Eastern cultures only partly accounted for differences in social media use and privacy behavior. Rather, the results of this report suggest that European countries (United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands) share similar privacy perceptions and show similar behavioral patterns. Non-European cultures (the USA and China) on the other hand, use social media differently. Participants from European countries had generally smaller audiences on social network sites and microblogging platforms, tended to limit the visibility of their postings and profile information more, and used more privacy settings to safeguard their privacy. In particular, German social media users seemed to be guarded, protective, and rather reluctant to participate in online communication. Users from the US, on the other hand, rated privacy-related behavior as less risky and were hence less likely to imply sophisticated privacy strategies. Apart from these findings, the report also shows that there are more commonalities than differences. People from all five countries think that it is important to protect privacy. Most users consciously decides what to share and what not to share. Accordingly, social media users do not always share intimate and detailed information about their lives.
Gender inequality and cultural values in explaining gender differences in positive and negative emotions: A comparison of 24 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
(2025) Wollast, Robin; Lüders, Adrian; Nugier, Armelle; Guimond, Serge; Phillips, Joseph B.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Douglas, Karen M.; Sengupta, Nikhil K.; Lemay, Edward P.; Zand, Somayeh; Van Lissa, Caspar J.; Bélanger, Jocelyn J.; Abakoumkin, Georgios; Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum Abdul; Agostini, Maximilian; Ahmedi, Vjollca; Almenara, Carlos A.; Atta, Mohsin; Bagci, Sabahat C.; Bernardo, Allan B. I.; Choi, Hoon-Seok; Cristea, Mioara; Danyliuk, Ivan; Enea, Violeta; Fisher, Alexandra N.; Gómez, Angel; Greiff, Samuel; Gützkow, Ben; Hamaidia, Ali; Han, Qing; Hudiyana, Joevarian; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Jiang, Ding-Yu; Jovanović, Veljko; Kende, Anna; Keng, Shian-Ling; Koc, Yasin; Kovyazina, Kamila; Kreienkamp, Jannis; Kurapov, Anton; Lantos, Nora Anna; Jaya Lesmana, Cokorda Bagus; Malik, Najma I.; Martinez, Anton P.; McCabe, Kira O.; Milla, Mirra N.; Molinario, Erica; Moyano, Manuel; Muhammad, Hayat; Mula, Silvana; Myroniuk, Solomiia; Nisa, Claudia; Nyúl, Boglárka; O’Keefe, Paul A.; Osuna, Jose Javier Olivas; Osin, Evgeny N.; Park, Joonha; Pierro, Antonio; Rees, Jonas; Reitsema, Anne Margit; Rullo, Marika; Ryan, Michelle K.; Samekin, Adil; Schumpe, Birga M.; Selim, Heyla A.; Stanton, Michael V.; Tseliou, Eleftheria; vanDellen, Michelle; Vázquez, Alexandra; Weaving, Morgan; Yahiiaiev, Illia; Yeung, Victoria W. L.; Zheng, Bang; Zúñiga, Claudia; Leander, N. Pontus; Wollast, Robin; Stanford University, Stanford, USA; Lüders, Adrian; Université Clermont Auvergne & CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Nugier, Armelle; Université Clermont Auvergne & CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Guimond, Serge; Université Clermont Auvergne & CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Phillips, Joseph B.; University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Sutton, Robbie M.; University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Douglas, Karen M.; University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Sengupta, Nikhil K.; University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Lemay, Edward P.; University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Zand, Somayeh; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Van Lissa, Caspar J.; Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Bélanger, Jocelyn J.; Carnegie Mellon University Qatar, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar; Abakoumkin, Georgios; University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum Abdul; International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Agostini, Maximilian; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Ahmedi, Vjollca; University of Prishtina, Pristina, Kosovo; Almenara, Carlos A.; Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru; Atta, Mohsin; University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Bagci, Sabahat C.; Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey; Bernardo, Allan B. I.; De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines; Choi, Hoon-Seok; Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Cristea, Mioara; Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Danyliuk, Ivan; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; Enea, Violeta; Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania; Fisher, Alexandra N.; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Gómez, Angel; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Greiff, Samuel; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Gützkow, Ben; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Hamaidia, Ali; URDRH Setif 2 University, Sétif, Algeria; Han, Qing; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Hudiyana, Joevarian; Universitas Indonesia, Kota Depok, Indonesia; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Jiang, Ding-Yu; National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan; Jovanović, Veljko; University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Kende, Anna; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Keng, Shian-Ling; Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia; Koc, Yasin; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Kovyazina, Kamila; Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Kreienkamp, Jannis; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Kurapov, Anton; Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Lantos, Nora Anna; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Jaya Lesmana, Cokorda Bagus; Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia; Malik, Najma I.; University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Martinez, Anton P.; University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; McCabe, Kira O.; Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Milla, Mirra N.; Universitas Indonesia, Kota Depok, Indonesia; Molinario, Erica; Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, USA; Moyano, Manuel; University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Muhammad, Hayat; University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Mula, Silvana; University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Myroniuk, Solomiia; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Nisa, Claudia; Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, China; Nyúl, Boglárka; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; O’Keefe, Paul A.; University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK; Osuna, Jose Javier Olivas; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Osin, Evgeny N.; University of Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France; Park, Joonha; Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Pierro, Antonio; La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Rees, Jonas; Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Reitsema, Anne Margit; Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rullo, Marika; University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Ryan, Michelle K.; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Samekin, Adil; M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Schumpe, Birga M.; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Selim, Heyla A.; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Stanton, Michael V.; California State University, East Bay, Hayward, USA; Tseliou, Eleftheria; University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; vanDellen, Michelle; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma, USA; Vázquez, Alexandra; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Weaving, Morgan; Stanford University, Stanford, USA; Yahiiaiev, Illia; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; Yeung, Victoria W. L.; Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong; Zheng, Bang; Imperial College London, London, UK; Zúñiga, Claudia; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Leander, N. Pontus; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
The coronavirus pandemic posed a major challenge to mental health. Existing evidence shows that COVID-19 is related to poor emotional well-being, particularly among women. However, most work on the subject uses single-country samples, limiting the ability to generalize the disparity or explain it as a function of societal variables. The present study investigates the expression of positive and negative emotions during the pandemic as a function of gender and across 24 countries (N = 49,637). Strong gender differences emerged across countries, with women reporting more negative emotions (anxious, depressed, nervous, exhausted) and less positive emotions (calm, content, relaxed, energetic) than men. The gender gap in positive emotions was significantly wider in countries higher in individualism and narrower in countries higher in power distance. For instance, differences in emotions were larger in Western countries high in individualism, such as the USA, the UK, Italy, and France, and smaller in countries with higher collectivism and power distance, such as China, Malaysia, and South Korea, with a few exceptions like Japan and Brazil. These gender differences across countries were not explained by country-level gender inequalities indicators (GGGI and GII). Interestingly, the national severity of the pandemic, an epidemiological factor, reduced gender differences in positive emotions. These results underscore the importance of considering cultural and national factors when assessing gender differences in well-being.
Sentiment and institutional investors
(2023) Klingler, Linda; Gehde-Trapp, Monika
Institutionelle Investoren, in dieser Arbeit vertreten durch US-Fondsmanager, sind ein wichtiger Teil des globalen Finanzsystems, und ihr Verhalten hat Auswirkungen auf das Vermögen der Fondsanleger. Außerdem sind sie anfällig für Verhaltensverzerrungen und Sentiment. In dieser Dissertation analysiere ich daher die Beziehung zwischen Sentiment und Fondsmanagern aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln empirisch. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf demografischen Merkmalen der Fondsmanager und wie diese ihre Reaktion auf bestimmte Umstände beeinflussen. Diese Umstände bilden den zweiten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit: Das Sentiment. In zwei Kapiteln wird untersucht, wie Fondsmanager auf die Stimmung reagieren, die auf Marktebene durch den bekannten Volatilitätsindex VIX gemessen wird. Das letzte Kapitel wechselt die Perspektive und betrachtet die in Aktionärsbriefen ausgedrückte Stimmung auf der Ebene der einzelnen Fondsmanager und wie Fondsanleger auf diese Stimmung reagieren. Kapitel 2 befasst sich mit möglichen Unterschieden zwischen männlichen und weiblichen Fondsmanagern in ihren Reaktionen auf die Marktstimmung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weibliche Fondsmanager bei schlechter Stimmung weniger unsystematisches Risiko eingehen als ihre männlichen Kollegen. Außerdem führt das höhere unsystematische Risiko, das männliche Fondsmanager eingehen, nicht zu einer besseren Performance, sodass die Fondsanleger keinen Ausgleich für das höhere Risiko erhalten. In Kapitel 3 analysiere ich die Auswirkungen der Kultur auf das Verhalten von Fondsmanagern und konzentriere mich auf das Bedürfnis nach Sicherheit, das ein Fondsmanager an den Tag legt. Fondsmanager mit einem hohen Sicherheitsbedürfnis gehen weniger unsystematisches Risiko ein als Fondsmanager mit einem geringen Sicherheitsbedürfnis. Da bei der Analyse das Geschlecht und andere demografische Merkmale berücksichtigt werden, ist Kultur ein anderes Element der erhöhten Risikobereitschaft aufgrund schlechter Stimmung. Auch hier hat dieser Unterschied in der Reaktion keine Auswirkungen auf die Performance. Kapitel 4 ändert die Art und Weise wie Sentiment gemessen wird. Mein Mitautor und ich konzentrieren uns auf die (durch Negativität ausgedrückte) Stimmung in Aktionärsbriefen, die von männlichen und weiblichen Fondsmanagern verfasst wurden, und analysieren, wie die Fondsanleger darauf reagieren. Wir stellen fest, dass sich männliche und weibliche Fondsmanager in ihren Briefen unterscheiden und dass das Geschlecht eine wichtige Determinante der Negativität ist. Darüber hinaus bestrafen Fondsanleger weibliche Fondsmanager stärker für zunehmende Negativität, nicht aber ihren männlichen Kollegen. Bei weiblichen Fondsmanagern gehen die Mittelzuflüsse zurück, bei männlichen Fondsmanagern kann keine Reaktion der Fondsanleger beobachtet werden. Da der geschlechtsspezifische Tonfall keine signifikante Vorhersagekraft für die künftige Fondsperformance hat, ist eine geschlechtsspezifische Voreingenommenheit der Fondsanleger eine wahrscheinliche Erklärung für unsere Ergebnisse.
The deep imprint of Roman sandals
evidence of long-lasting effectsof Roman rule on personality, economic performance, and well-beingin Germany
(2020) Wyrwich, Michael; Wahl, Fabian; Obschonka, Martin; Fritsch, Michael
We investigate whether the Roman presence in the southern part of Germany nearly 2,000 years ago had a deep imprinting effect with long run consequences on a broad spectrum of measures ranging from present-day personality profiles to a number of socioeconomic outcomes and why. Today’s populations living in the former Roman part of Germany score indeed higher on certain personality traits, have higher life and health satisfaction, longer life expectancy, generate more inventions and behave in a more entrepreneurial way. These findings help explain that regions under Roman rule have higher present-day levels of economic development in terms of GDP per capita. The effects hold when controlling for other potential historical influences. When addressing potential channels of a long term effect of Roman rule the data indicates that the Roman road network plays an important role as a mechanism in the imprinting that is still perceptible today.
The impact of formal and informal institutions on per capita income
(2009) Dobler, Constanze
Despite the many approaches of neoclassical and endogenous growth theory, economists still face problems explaining the reasons for income differences between countries. Institutional economics and the deep determinants of growth literature try to depart from pure economic facts to examine economic development. Therefore, this article analyses the impact of institutions, geography and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal and economic restrictions are not the only constraints on human behaviour. Norms and values also limit possible actions. Therefore, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. The regression results affirm a crucial role of informal and formal institutionsconcerning economic development.
The impact on institutions, culture and religion on per capita income
(2009) Dobler, Constanze
Despite many approaches of neoclassical and endogenous growth theory, economists still face problems in explaining the reasons for income differences between countries. Institutional economics and the deep determinants of growth literature try to depart from pure economic facts to examine economic development. Therefore, this article analyzes the impact of institutions, geography, and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal, and economic restrictions are not the only constraints on human behaviour. Norms and values also limit possible actions. Therefore, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. Informal institutions are defined as beliefs, attitudes, moral, conventions, and codes of conduct. Property rights are assumed to be the basic formal institutional feature for economic success. Despite their direct impact on growth through individual utility maximization, property rights also make a statement concerning the political and legal environment of a country. Regarding the regression analysis, different religious affiliations are used as instrumental variables for formal and informal institutions. The regression results affirm a crucial role of informal and formal institutions concerning economic development. However, a high proportion of Protestant citizens encourage informal institutions that support economic growth, while a high Muslim proportion of the population is negatively correlated with growth-supporting formal institutions.