Browsing by Subject "Dairy"

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    Comparison of institutional arrangements for inclusive dairy market development in India
    (2019) Ravichandran, Thanammal; Birner, Regina
    Future projections show that by 2025, the demand for dairy products in developing countries will increase by 25 percent due to population growth, urbanization and increased incomes. This increase in demand offers a unique opportunity for smallholder dairy farmers, who may achieve higher levels of income and well-being if they are able to increase their milk production. Currently, smallholder dairy producers in developing countries face severe constraints caused by low productivity, lack of market access and high transaction costs. Hence, investments in dairy production that aim to overcome these constraints can serve as a powerful tool for poverty reduction and rural development. Many donors have already invested in reducing poverty by stimulating growth of dairy sector, but the success of such development projects has been variable and largely dependent on local circumstances. India is a good example of the challenges faced by the promotion of dairy development. Remarkable growth in the dairy sector has been achieved by “Operation Flood”, a large-scale government-funded program to promote smallholder dairy production and market integration. However, growth in the dairy sector was not equally distributed among the different regions of India. Moreover, depending on the region, marginalized farmers, including female farmers, still face barriers to access technological innovations (e.g., breed improvement and better feeding practices) as well as access to institutions (e.g., credit and markets). Therefore, India presents a good case for a comparative study that aims to identify what types of institutional arrangements are most suitable to promote inclusive growth of the dairy sector, depending on local circumstances. Against this background, it is the main objective of this thesis to analyze institutional arrangements for inclusive dairy sector development and to explore the factors that influence or hinder inclusive growth, using India as a case study country. The focus is placed on institutional arrangements that have the potential to address governance challenges and gender inequality in dairy development. Data for this thesis was collected in three Indian states that differ with regard to the overall governance conditions: Telangana, which enjoys favorable governance conditions, Bihar, which can be classified as intermediate, and Uttarakhand, a state with rather unfavorable governance conditions. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 explores the governance challenges that different institutional arrangements of dairy marketing pose for inclusive growth. Chapter 3 focuses on the barriers faced by women to participate in institutional arrangements for dairy marketing and to access and control the income derived from dairy production. Chapter 4 presents a case study of the MilkIT project, an internationally funded project that used the institutional arrangement of the “Innovation Platform” to promote dairy development. Chapter 5 discusses the overall findings of the thesis in a comparative perspective and identifies the success factors, which influence inclusive growth of the dairy sector. The final chapter also presents policy recommendations for inclusive dairy development. The institutional arrangements for dairy marketing that were examined in Bihar and Telangana include different types of dairy cooperatives (with mixed membership and women-only membership), a private dairy company and informal marketing arrangements. A qualitative research approach using Grounded Theory was applied to identify the factors that influence participation of women and marginalized groups in different institutional arrangements. The researcher stayed for two weeks in each of the selected villages and collected data using participant observation as well as other research tools: semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and the application of Net-Map, a participatory mapping technique. In Uttarakhand, data from a baseline household survey and focus group discussions conducted for the MilkIT project were compared with a post-intervention household survey to assess the impact of Innovation Platforms on institutional and technological innovations. Furthermore, the documentation of meetings held in the context of the Innovation Platforms was analyzed. The findings of the study underline that gender inequality and governance challenges are major constraints to achieving inclusive growth, which require context-specific interventions. In Telangana, dairy cooperatives that have only women as members proved to be an appropriate institutional arrangement for inclusive dairy development. These women-only cooperatives performed better than cooperatives with mixed membership. The study showed that women and lower caste producers were often not able to participate in cooperatives with mixed membership, and those who participated had limited access to leadership roles and training opportunities. The results for Bihar were rather different, which underlines the need for a context-specific approach. Women-only cooperatives allowed females and low-caste members to participate, but all leadership roles were occupied by men who dominated the management of those cooperatives. As in Telangana, the mixed dairy cooperative in Bihar were not fully inclusive, but those women and low caste members who were able to join benefitted relatively more from access to inputs and training as was the case in Telangana. Exclusion of women and marginalized groups was particularly evident in the case of a private dairy company in Telangana, which mainly focused on marketing of milk and did not engage in services for productivity enhancement. Informal dairy market arrangements were found to be easily accessible for women and marginalized groups, but they did not facilitate access to inputs and services either. The Innovation Platform approach was found to be effective in facilitating market access and promoting technical innovations. By design and in practice, women were given a chance to participate in this approach not only by attending meetings but also by participating in decision-making. The study demonstrates that both the institutional set-up and the prevailing governance processes are key aspects of institutional arrangements for inclusive dairy development. Success factors include decentralized governance structures; low state interference; participation of women not only at the village level, but also higher levels of the cooperative arrangement (union or federation level); democratic practices, especially transparency, in the election of leaders; and involvement of all types of members in decision making. Effectiveness and inclusiveness in the provision of economic services also mattered, most notably with regard to input supply and support services to all members. The type of institutional arrangements required to realize these success factors may differ across regions, as the comparison of Telangana and Bihar shows. Overall, the study suggests that performing a context-specific social and gender analysis is essential for the design of formal institutional arrangements for dairy markets, a finding that likely applies to all agricultural markets. The study clearly shows that creating organizations with women-only membership is not a sufficient condition to promote inclusive agricultural development. What matters is women’s participation in leadership position of agricultural marketing organizations (which may require quotas), capacity building, networking through self-help groups and extension services that are accessible to women. The study also shows that innovative institutional arrangements, such as Innovation Platforms, also have a promising potential to foster inclusive agricultural development.
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    Ruminal degradation characteristics of barley, rye, and triticale grains assayed in situ and in vitro, and by near-infrared spectroscopy
    (2017) Krieg, Jochen; Rodehutscord, Markus
    The milk yield of dairy cows and related energy and protein requirements have steadily increased in the last few decades. Since feed intake has not increased to the same extent as nutritional requirements, the concentration of nutrients in mixed rations had to be increased. An increase in energy concentration is often achieved by the inclusion of high levels of cereal grains. In the EU—apart from wheat—barley, rye, and triticale are widely cultivated cereal grains. Starch (ST), followed by crude protein (CP), is the main constituent of cereal grains. The rate and extent of ruminal CP and ST degradation can influence the performance and health of dairy cows, but data that can enable the comparison of ruminal degradation within and between barley, rye, and triticale grains are scarce. Commonly used techniques to explore ruminal degradation of feed are in situ and in vitro incubations. Both techniques require ruminal-fistulated animals, but alternative methods are being demanded by the community, in order to reduce the number of animal trials. An approach with the potential to estimate the nutritional value of various feeds is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The present thesis has two major parts. In the first part, ruminal degradation parameters and the effective degradability (ED) of DM, CP, and ST from barley, rye, and triticale grains are investigated using standardised in situ and in vitro incubation techniques. A total of 20 genotypes per grain species were used. In the second part, NIRS calibrations were developed with the aim of estimating the CP and ST concentrations of cereal grains and their incubation residues. Subsequently, data from in situ experiments were used to establish the calibrations for estimating the ruminal in situ degradation of cereal grains from their spectral data. In situ degradation studies have been conducted by ruminal incubation, utilising three lactating cows. Ruminal degradation parameters and ED (ruminal passage rate = 8%//h) were calculated. For in vitro incubations, the samples were incubated in a rumen fluid-buffer mixture (‘Hohenheim Gas Test’). The gas production was recorded for estimating gas production kinetics. In vitro gas production—in combination with crude nutrient concentrations—was used to estimate the metabolisable energy concentration (ME) and digestibility of organic matter (dOM). The degradation rates differed between and within the grain species for DM, CP, and ST. The variation within grain species was not reflected in the ED of CP and ST, due to the relatively fast and almost complete degradation of the grains. The ED of CP was 77% (69–80%) for barley, 85% (83–86%) for rye, and 82% (79–84%) for triticale. The corresponding ED of ST was 86% (82–88%), 95% (92–96%), and 94% (90–95%). Accordingly, the estimated ME (barley: 13.5 MJ/kg DM, rye: 13.9 MJ/kg DM, triticale: 13.5 MJ/ kg DM) showed only relatively minor variation within one grain species. The dOM was overall at a high level (barley: 91.3%, rye: 95.3%, triticale: 95.8%). The relatively small variation within one grain species could not be explained by the chemical and physical characteristics of the samples. Hence, it was concluded that it is feasible to use mean values for every species in feed formulation and ration planning. In the second part of this thesis, it was shown that it is possible to replace chemical CP and ST analyses of samples from in situ studies by NIRS without affecting the calculated ruminal degradation characteristics. NIRS could be used to estimate the ED of CP and ST from cereal grains. The sample set to establish the calibrations included barley, durum, maize, rye, triticale, and wheat grains. Calibrations for the CP and ST concentration were extended to pea samples. The calibrations with the best validation performance for CP and ST concentration were obtained by using the wavelength segment of 1250 to 2450 nm and the first derivative of the spectra (CP: R2 = 0.99; SEP = 0.46% DM. ST: R2 = 0.99; SEP = 2.10% DM). The results of in situ studies did not differ, irrespective of whether chemical or NIRS analysis was used. Like the CP and ST concentration, the ED was estimated with a high accuracy (ED8 CP: R2 = 0.95; SEP = 2.43%. ED8 ST: R2 = 0.97; SEP = 2.45%). However, calibrations need to be extended before they can be recommended for routine use. The present thesis demonstrates that the ED of CP and ST of barley, rye, and triticale grains differ between the species, but variation within one grain species is relatively small and not related to the chemical and physical characteristics of the grain. Hence, under the prevailing cultivation conditions, the mean values for each grain species in feed evaluation are deemed adequate. It was demonstrated that NIRS has the potential to facilitate the evaluation of the nutritive value of cereal grains for ruminants.