Browsing by Subject "Demografischer Wandel"

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Frauen als stille Reserve im Ingenieurwesen
(2009) Schlenker, Eva
Recent developments in the German demography will give rise to a shortage in skilled workers in the coming decades. The German economy is in need of thousands of engineers already. A solution to this problem might involve a higher degree of integration of female engineers into the workforce. Data from the microcensus 2006, the official representative statistics of the population and the labour market in Germany, confirm the existence of a hidden reserve of female engineers. Ordered response models and seminonparametric estimation methods are used to show that the labour supply in the engineering sector is mainly determined by age. In addition, the labour supply of female engineers depends on how many children they have, on the age of their youngest child, and on their partners? income. Moreover, women care more about their families, rather than focusing on their career.
Smarte Städtebauliche Objekte für eine adaptive Stadt
ein Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz zur Erhöhung der Wohlfahrt
(2021) Hubl, Marvin; Kirn, Stefan
The objective of the thesis is the advancement of urban areas with intelligent information technology to enhance urban life. In doing so, social inclusion of people with motor impairments is of particular interest. At this, an important group is the set of older adults. The aspired advancement aims at enabling self-determined participation in urban life, and hence in social life, up until old age: Participation in social life essentially depends on the opportunities for self-determined exertion of outdoor activities. Motor impairments in old age lead to a perceived significant reduction of safety in urban areas and hence concerned people are worried of using the urban area. To counteract the resulting avoidance of outdoor activities the thesis pursues the approach to transform urban objects by means of technologies of the Internet of Things into novel so-called Smart Urban Objects that actively provide support in outdoor activities. Smart Urban Objects are equipped with sensors, actuators and information processing capabilities and can adapt to individual requirements of pedestrians. Due to age-correlated motor impairments, there are for example special requirements for seating. Besides the information technological transformation of single urban objects, there are furthermore important requirements for networked Smart Urban Objects. By means of intelligently coordinated, goal-oriented availability of the supportive functionalities of single Smart Urban Objects, the urban area as overall system is enabled for adaptivity with respect to pedestrians requirements. The thesis studies the conception for an adaptive city with a safety-engineering approach at the example of smart seating and develops a method for an intelligent coordination of the networked Smart Urban Objects. For an accurate allocation of single smart seats as public objects with respect to individual requirements a welfare criterion is applied which shall avoid unfairness. Using methods of Artificial Intelligence the thesis develops a heuristic procedure for finding a solution according to the welfare criterion. This implements aspects of the theory of justice by John Rawls that underlie the welfare criterion for the example of the urban area. A scenario-based simulation substantiates that the developed solution approach can effectively enhance the safety-oriented welfare in the urban area.