Browsing by Subject "Fattening pig"

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    Bewertung praxisüblicher Mastschweinehaltungen in Nordrhein-Westfalen hinsichtlich der Tiergerechtheit
    (2002) Zaludik, Katrina; Valle Zárate, Anne
    The aim of this study was to assess animal welfare in conventional fattening pig systems. Development of means to improve animal welfare shall put the producer in a position to structure the production more in line with consumer requirements. To carry out this assessment the data of 100 fattening pig farms in North-Rhine Westphalia have been analysed. The study comprises of two parts, firstly the collection of operational data and data of housingsystems, and secondly behaviour investigations. In the analysis of the farm data it was found that, particularly in farms with slatted systems important points of the SVHO (1995) were not followed. Deficits were found in space allowance, dimensions of the slatted floors, drinking systems and objects for occupation. Problems apparent in all housing systems were mainly caused by climatic conditions and lighting. In the observational data the most frequent observation was the lying behaviour. This was significantly lower in deep litter systems. The values for the lying behaviour were in line with the figures quoted in the literature for intensively kept pigs. Animals on farms with straw systems, were significantly more active than animals on farms with fully slatted floors, due to the incentives given by the availability of straw. In slatted floor systems the manipulation of penmate and occupational objects were much higher represented in the total behaviour than in straw systems. Abnormal behaviour was found in all housing systems, however only in small amounts. At the end of this study suggestions for ways of improvement were made specific to the relevant husbandry systems, which included housing as well as management factors.
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    Evaluation of a UHF RFID system for livestock
    (2017) Hammer, Nora; Jungbluth, Thomas
    A structural change could be observed within German animal production in recent years. Whereas the number of livestock holdings decreased, the number of animals per livestock holding increased. Because bigger livestock holdings are also often in a conflict of aims between sustainability, animal welfare and economy, a well-functioning and cost-effective management assistance is even more important. The collection of animal-related data and data from their environment with simple, innovative and low-cost techniques to improve animal welfare, animal health and animal performance, as well as the housing conditions, is a main part of so-called precision livestock farming (PLF). A possible solution for implementation of these thoughts is a technology called radio-frequency identification (RFID). The suitability of an UHF RFID system for simultaneous pig and cattle detection could be evaluated during a three year project, which was funded by the Federal Office of Agriculture and Food. Therefore, several UHF transponder ear tags had to be developed and tested in laboratory and practical experiments. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis of the UHF system based on four example barns had to be carried out to estimate the potential of the system for use in practice. Thereby, not only the costs and benefits of simultaneous animal detection were calculated, but also the costs and benefits of hotspot monitoring of the animals in their husbandry environment were estimated. Nine different transponder types for each animal species were developed within the duration of the project. During the development process, the antenna structure, antenna length and label material had to be varied to adjust the transponder to its immediate surroundings as optimally as possible. The grouting process of the transponder into the ear tag was also continuously improved. Before testing the UHF transponder ear tag types in practice, they were all tested on a dynamic test bench. Using this test bench, a preliminarily assessment of the in-house developed transponder types by themselves, with foreign and commercially available UHF transponder types under various conditions was possible. The number of readings per round was recorded and used to identify differences between the transponder types. The UHF transponder ear tag types were tested with the aid of driving experiments using pigs and cattle with a focus on their suitability and durability under practical conditions. While one gate in a stall environment was built in the driving experiments for the fattening pigs, with cattle, reader output power, reader orientation and the test environment were varied. In these experiments, the number of readings per round and the reading rates, which were the more decisive value in practice, were calculated. In the last stage of development, a suitable, well-functioning UHF transponder ear tag type and good average reading rates could be achieved for both animal species (pigs: ø 98 %; cattle: ø 99 %) While performing the cost-benefit analysis, it could be calculated that, at the present state of development of the UHF system, the benefits do not exceed the costs of the system in the fattening pig husbandry. In dairy cattle husbandry, a positive result could be reached only under the best estimations and the larger farm. However, the costs arising per animal are still too high to implement the systems on the market. Because of the early stage of development, the calculation of the costs and benefits was difficult and still holds uncertainties. Following the assumption that the UHF system will be developed to practical maturity, the costs calculated would be lower and an advantageousness of the system would be also expected for other farms. This work was sensible and necessary to get a first assessment of the costs and benefits. Great development progress could be achieved for the UHF RFID system and a large potential for PLF could be shown within this project, even if the system is not yet ready for market.
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    Untersuchungen zum Emissionsgeschehen von Ammoniak und Methan in der Mastschweinehaltung
    (2017) Gronow-Schubert, Stephanie; Gallmann, Eva
    The growing of feed crops, the production of farm livestock and the processing of livestock products, along with the associated use of farmland for this entire production chain, all engender greenhouse gases on a worldwide scale. In this respect, ammonia and methane emissions are directly associated with livestock farming including the feeding of pigs for slaughter. The main aim of the work presented in this thesis was investigation of emissions produced in this way, and into selected strategies applied for reducing ammonia and methane release, particularly in management of liquid manure inside a fattening unit. In this context, the paper focusses on the three approaches – measuring, analysing and modelling - which are accordingly established as the following part-targets: • Applying emission reduction strategies as part of liquid manure management in a conventional fattening unit and comparing the resultant emissions with those from a reference system where no emission reduction actions had been taken. The selected emission reduction strategies should be practicable and sustainably applicable in existing livestock housing systems. • Analysing the main factors of influence on emissions throughout the fattening period during different seasons of the year, with special consideration of time series effects and regressions. • Examining the possibilities of substance flow modelling, application to own measurement data rather or for assessing the potential of emission reduction methods as well as evaluation of the selected approach for substance flow modelling. In-barn liquid manure management with fattening pigs markedly influences ammonia and methane emissions whereby the concrete reduction potentials are not yet sufficiently clarified. Within this study, a first work package compares, through a case control approach, the liquid manure management strategies - weekly emptying of the liquid manure channel as well as covering of the underfloor stored liquid manure surface as well as the addition of Effective Microorganisms to the liquid manure – with the strategies tested for emission reduction potential and compared over a feeding cycle in each case with the stored manure method as reference. The pig housing used in the trial was divided into two compartments (experimental and reference compartment) each holding 50 animals. In quasi-continuous measurement, incoming air, compartment and exhaust air ammonia and methane concentrations, temperatures of incoming air, compartment and exhaust air, and the temperature and pH of the liquid manure, were all recorded. Additionally, liquid manure samples were analysed in 14-day rhythm and the level of liquid manure measured as well as the degree of dirtiness of pen floors. Also recorded were pig weights and performance or feeding data. No further differences in terms of feeding, ventilation or management existed between trial and reference compartments. The applied reduction strategies were able to partially reduce ammonia and methane emissions (weekly emptying of liquid manure channel: methane emission rates reduced by 39 % based on emission rate in grams per day and livestock unit; liquid manure cover: 13.8 % ammonia emission rates reduction in grams per day and livestock unit), had in part no effect, or even a negative influence on the emissions (weekly emptying of the liquid manure channel: no effect on ammonia emissions; liquid manure cover: 119.9 % rise in methane emission rates in terms of grams per day and livestock unit). The selected interval of one week between emptying the liquid manure channel was not sufficient as a reduction strategy. With covering of the liquid manure surface underfloor, it is important to consider that the almost airtight sealing of the liquid manure surface delivered favourable conditions for methanogenesis. The influence of the addition of Effective Microorganisms to the liquid manure on the emissions of ammonia and methane was marginal. The emissions of ammonia increased of 8.3 % and the emissions of methane of 5.9 %. The evaluations (time series and regression analyses) of the data from the reference compartments from a total of four feeding cycles (two summer and two winter cycles) comprised the second work package. The time series analysis enabled insight into the relationships between the ammonia and methane emissions in terms of time, and insights into the influential factors affecting release and transport of the gases. For example, the time-related influences of high temperatures on the system “fattening unit” and on the release of emissions, could be graphically shown. The time series analysis gave indications as to how dynamic, or how stable, climatic conditions can be in pig housing. The regression analyses clearly showed that the emission process, with ammonia as well as with methane, is influenced particularly through the amount of liquid manure involved, the temperature and the air volume flow. In the same way, the distance between the liquid manure surface and the slatted flooring (‘headspace’) was found to have direct influence on the release of ammonia and methane from the liquid manure. A larger ‘headspace‘ correlated with reduced emissions and vice versa. Following recording and statistical evaluation of the emission data, the contribution that can be made through substance flow modelling of ammonia emissions towards increasing knowledge on the emission process and on methods for its reduction within pig housing was examined as a third work package. This involved the transfer of selected recorded data into the substance flow model. Serving as basis was the model from CORTUS et al. (2010a) adapted in three steps to take account of the conditions in the pig housing being used. The constructional outline of the trial livestock housing served as system limit. Berkeley Madonna 8.3.18 software was used for numerical integration of the differential equation system. Own data was applied for calibration and validation, in each case taken from the reference compartment of two different feeding cycles. In principle, the adapted model was capable of modelling ammonia concentrations and emissions. In addition, the influence of the liquid manure temperature and pH value of the liquid manure could be depicted. However, the model generally reacted sensitively to temperature and pH values. Because of this, the model underestimated and overestimated recorded values, in part substantially. An important influence on the model accuracy appeared to be related to the submodel considering urine puddles. For the purposes of own modelling, this submodel was cut out of the main model during its adaptation according to the recorded data. Compared to recordings, modelling of gas concentrations and emissions offers the advantage of cost-efficient and time-saving estimations of emission potential for different housing systems, e.g. for feeding pig production. Calibration and validation, as well as adaptation to suit the type of application requires, however, particular care and expertise. Through the various methods for measurement, analysis and modelling that were applied, the work reported here contributes to better understanding of the emission process and the reduction of emissions, particularly in the case of liquid manure management in feeding pig production.
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    Variation and estimation of nitrogen utilization efficiency in a crossbred pig population
    (2022) Berghaus, Daniel; Rodehutscord, Markus
    Efficient utilization of dietary nitrogen (N) in pork production is of increasing concern. Previous studies revealed that a genetic basis for N utilization efficiency (NUE) might exist, but to assess the potential of breeding for improved NUE, the between-animal variation of a large number of animals needs to be known. The standard method to determine N retention (NR) in balance trails is laborious and not feasible for the required numbers of animals. However, correlations between protein utilization and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration have been shown to exist and body protein turnover is subject to hormonal control. Hence, the objective of the present thesis was to quantify NR of growing pigs at two different growth stages by N balance and to determine the impact of body protein turnover on NUE. In addition, equations for the estimation of NR were established, using performance data and blood metabolite concentrations, which were applied to evaluate the variation in NUE of a F1 crossbred population. Over a period of 2.5 years, a total of 508 crossbred pigs (German Landrace x Pietrain) from 20 different boars was investigated from the 11th week of life until slaughter. The pigs were housed individually throughout the experimental period and a two-phase fattening was performed. All animals received the same diet for ad libitum intake which was formulated to contain 90% of the recommended lysine concentration so that marginal lysine supply was the limiting factor for protein retention and pigs were allowed to express their full genetic potential of NUE. In both fattening phases, daily feed intake was recorded for each animal in a five-day sampling period (SP), and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at around 13:00 h on three consecutive days for determination of BUN, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) concentration. Additionally, in both SP, N balance was performed in the same experimental barn on a randomly selected subsample of 56 barrows. The barrows were housed in metabolism crates for six days, two days for adaption and four days for quantitative collection of feces and urine. Simultaneously, their body protein turnover was determined using the end-product method after a single oral dose of 15N-labeled glycine. Based on the N balance results, models for estimation of NR were obtained by multiple regression of performance data and blood metabolite concentrations. The significance of the variables was validated using a bootstrapping method to avoid overfitting the models to the observed data. The goodness of fit of the equations was assessed using the coefficient of determination and the root mean square error. The N balance results revealed a high protein retention potential of the animals, which did not differ on average between the two SP. However, large differences in NR were observed between individuals and NR was strongly correlated with N and lysine intake. NUE was also at a high level and varied considerably between individuals. The mean NUE was significantly higher in SP1 than in SP2 and a moderate correlation was observed between NR and NUE. The mean body protein turnover did not differ between the SP and no correlation with NUE was observed. In estimating NR, the model with the best goodness of fit included the variables initial body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, N intake, BUN, cortisol, and IGF-I concentration. This model was used to estimate NR for all animals and subsequently calculate their NUE. Describing NR as a linear function of lysine intake across both SP showed an average marginal efficiency of lysine utilization for protein retention of 67%. Despite a wide variation in NUE within the offspring of the same boars, significant differences were found between the offspring groups of the boars. Under the prevailing circumstances of marginal lysine supply, the NR of fattening pigs could be estimated from performance data and blood metabolite concentrations with satisfying accuracy. This provides a fast and reliable alternative to performing N balance studies, reducing the experimental effort considerably in studies with large numbers of animals. Although lysine supply was the limiting factor for protein retention, only about 70% of the variation in NR could be explained by the level of lysine intake. The remaining part of the variation was likely caused by differences in the intermediary lysine utilization or differences in the lysine content of the retained body protein between individuals. About 50% of the variation in NUE could be explained by differences in the level of NR, implying that pigs with higher protein retention potential utilized dietary N more efficiently. However, this was not accompanied by differences in body protein turnover. Phenotyping of the F1 crossbred population revealed a large variation between individuals and a significant boar effect, indicating the possibility of improving NUE through breeding measures.
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    Vergleich von zwei Haltungssystemen für Mastschweine mit unterschiedlichen Lüftungsprinzipien - Stallklima und Emissionen
    (2003) Gallmann, Eva; Jungbluth, Thomas
    The main goal of this work was to carry out a system comparison of two different housing systems for fattening pigs with regard to indoor climate and the gas emission and to derive a corresponding data basis in the frame of long-term measurements with a high temporal resolution. The housing systems to be compared were a conventional stable with fully slatted floor and a conversion solution designed as a kennel housing system with natural ventilation. The system comparison of the two different housing systems for fattening pigs was carried out in two spatially separated compartments of the experimental pig facility for fattening pigs in Hohenheim. During the investigations the conventional practical housing system served as reference system and featured fully slatted floor, six small groups with nine pigs each, forced ventilation with underfloor extraction. As comparison system a conversion solution for forced ventilated pig houses was developed and realized. It was designed as a kennel housing system with separate climatic areas and with natural ventilation. The kennel housing system consisted of two larger animal groups with 24 pigs each, it showed slatted floor at the activity area and a level concrete covered lying area for resting. The natural ventilation system in the kennel housing system was designed as a gravity shaft system with an additional, solar-powered fan in one chimney for optional supporting ventilation. No differences between the housing systems existed concerning feeding (sensor liquid feeding, four-phases nutrient adjusted feeding), occupation, demanuring, stocking management (all in - all out) and the animals origin. The relevant measuring parameters for evaluating the indoor climate and gas emissions as temperature, humidity, ventilation rate, gas concentrations (NH3, CO2, CH4), animal activity, wind speed and wind direction were registered with a high temporal resolution. In addition at regular intervals also manure samples were analysed, dust concentration measurements were carried out as well as data concerning the floor soiling, the animal weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were documented. Between the housing systems "fully slatted floor, forced ventilation (FSF)" and "kennel housing, natural ventilation (KN)" a clear difference existed concerning the indoor climate mainly due to the different ventilation systems. At both housing systems the indoor concentrations of NH3, CO2 and CH4 were acceptable, but at the same time lower at system KN than at system FSF, so it can be concluded, that the air exchange in the animals area was sufficient. Inside the kennels of the system KN the air quality was strongly dependent on the soiling with animals´ droppings, especially during warm days, when the pigs tend to switch the functional areas. Depending on the temperature and given the lower resting area requirements of the younger animals, some of the covered resting areas were heavily soiled. The indoor dust concentrations (PM 10; PM 2,5; PM 1,0) were during all measurements about two third lower at system KN than at system FSF. For all data sets a negative correlation between dust concentration and air flow rate per livestock unit LU (500 kg live weight) was determined. At both housing systems the dust concentrations during feeding were due to the increased animal activity two to six times higher than between the feeding times. Comparing the mean emission rates of NH3, CO2 und CH4, significant differences between the housing systems with entirely lower emission rates of the natural ventilated system KN were found during all four fattening periods under investigation. Due to manifold dynamic interrelations between the different influencing factors on the emissions at such complex systems as animal houses, also significant differences between the fattening periods within one housing systems were found. Therefore a seasonal effect on the emissions could not be proven on basis of the gained data sets. Considering both the daily mean values and typical daily courses of the gas emissions, different relationships between air flow rate, exhaust air concentration and emission were found between the two housing systems. At the forced ventilated housing system FSF as a result of increasing air flow rates the exhaust air concentrations were lowered (diluting effect) but the emissions raised up. At the natural ventilated housing system KN the relations were not always clear or opposite effects were observed. Increasing air flow rates resulted partly in just as increased exhaust air concentrations but following lower emissions. At both housing systems short emissions peaks of NH3 and CO2 can be explained by an increased animal activity during feeding.
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    Wohlbefinden von Mastschweinen in verschiedenen Haltungssystemen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ethologischer Merkmale
    (2003) Weber, Ragnhild E. F.; Valle Zárate, Anne
    This study aims to compare practice oriented husbandry systems with regard to their effect on the welfare of fattening pigs. This should also contribute to the development of evaluation indicators for pig welfare. A literature review was conducted covering Definition of Welfare, Indicators for Welfare Assessment, Behavior of Fattening Pigs, Ethological Methods for Welfare Assessment, and Husbandry Systems for Fattening Pigs. Insights attained were significantly taken into account when developing and conducting the study. 2 husbandry systems were established, compromising on conventional pig husbandry and currently available knowledge on the welfare of fattening pigs. The investigation emphasizes on ethological traits. This research is part of a comprehensive project investigating prevalent fattening pig husbandry systems in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with regard to animal welfare and pig farmers? and consumers? attitudes towards husbandry conditions. The present study was conducted on the experimental station Frankenforst of the University of Bonn, Germany. A total of 256 Piétrain (Pi) x German Landrace (DL) or Pi x (Large White (DE) x DL) fattening pigs were investigated throughout 2 periods of time: middle of June 1998 to beginning of January 1999, and middle of April to end of September 1999. They were kept in two enriched husbandry systems. One system was equipped with heater, forced ventilation and partly slatted floor (TSP: 8 pigs/pen), the other was in an open stable with half the area deep littered (OT: 32 pigs/pen). The enrichments included chains, a wooden chewing bar, and a straw rack in the non-bedded system. Over a period of 10 weeks indirect video observations were conducted once per week between 5:30 and 8:30 a.m. and 1:30 and 4:30 p.m. The behavioral traits observed included feeding, exploration and occupation, abnormal occupation, comfort, aggression and fighting, locomotion, and resting and lying. In the second year direct observations were additionally conducted at specific times to analyse occupation and comfort behavior in more detail. Further traits investigated included: state of health, medical treatments, skin lesions, changes of extremities and claws, general condition, carcass, lung, liver, heart, kidney, and lymph node changes, fattening and slaughtering performance and housing characteristics. The results showed that rooting, which is of utmost importance for the welfare of pigs and which could only be performed in the OT, could not completely be compensated for in the TSP by the enrichment objects and the stable environment. In the TSP the behavioral disorders of pseudo-rooting and manipulation of pen-mates were clearly performed more often. In contrast, the husbandry environment of the OT (straw bedding, enrichment, more overall space, more outside stimuli) had a positive effect on the behavior of the pigs. An improvement of the pigs? welfare in the OT can particularly be concluded from the increased level of rooting, playing, alertness, and walking+standing as compared to the TSP. Comfort+wallowing, the least observed behavior, was also performed significantly more often in the OT. On the other hand, fattening pigs in the OT were also not completely free of behavioral disorders. In both husbandry systems pigs laid (with no other activity) more than 70 % of the observation time. Low lighting in the TSP probably caused a less pronounced endogenously predisposed two-phase daily rhythm of the pigs with less activity in the morning as compared to the pigs in the OT. The forced ventilation in the TSP and the non-bedded area of the OT were not completely sufficient to cool the pigs in summer. The territorial division of the pen by the pigs was disturbed to the point that no clear distinction between lying, defecation and feeding areas could be made. Cardiovascular problems occurred in the OT on some very hot days. Skin lesions, changes in the extremities and claws and the pigs? general condition did not deviate greatly from normal and healthy conditions. No obvious relation of injuries being caused by means of the husbandry system could be found. Carcass inspections showed that lung alterations and pleuritis occurred most frequently. Significant differences between the husbandry systems (OT > TSP) were found for liver and pluck findings. With regard to animal health the pigs in the TSP were better off. It can be presumed that welfare was reduced by the slight Ra. outbreak in the OT in the second year. Differences in daily gain and feed conversion were only due to a substantially lower performance of the pigs in the OT in the first year probably caused by higher thermoregulation efforts. By means of the methods and traits (indicators) used the welfare of the pigs in the two different husbandry systems could be compared. Proposals for further improvements of the methods as well as for the improvement of the husbandry systems were submitted.