Browsing by Subject "Heat tolerance"

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    The genetic basis of heat tolerance in temperate maize (Zea mays L.)
    (2016) Frey, Felix P.; Stich, Benjamin
    The global mean temperature and probability of heat waves are expected to increase in the future, which has the potential to cause severe damages to maize production. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the response of temperate maize to heat stress and for the tolerance to heat stress, in a first experiment I applied gene expression profiling. Therewith, I investigated the transcriptomic response of temperate maize to linearly increasing heat levels. Further, I identified genes associated with heat tolerance in a set of eight genotypes with contrasting heat tolerance behavior. I identified 607 heat responsive genes, which elucidate the genetic pathways behind the response of maize to heat stress and can help to expand the knowledge of plant responses to other abiotic stresses. Further, I identified 39 genes which were differentially regulated between heat tolerant and heat susceptible inbreds and, thus, are putative heat tolerance candidate genes. Two of these candidate genes were located in genome regions which were associated with heat tolerance during seedling and adult stage that have been detected in QTL studies in the frame of this thesis. Their exact molecular functions, however, are still unknown. The statistical approach to identify heat tolerance genes, presented in my thesis, enables researchers to investigate the transcriptomic response of multiple genotypes to changing conditions across several experiments, considering their natural variation for a quantitative trait. In order to develop more heat tolerant cultivars, knowledge of natural variation for heat tolerance in temperate maize is indispensable. Therefore, heat tolerance was assessed in a set of intra- and interpool Dent and Flint populations on a multi-environment level. Usually, heat stress in temperate Europe occurs during the adult stage of maize. However, as maize is of increasing importance as a biogas crop, farmers can reduce the growth period by postponed sowing after the harvest of the winter cereals in early summer and, thus, sensitive maize seedlings can be exposed to heat stress. Therefore, I aimed to assess heat tolerance in six connected segregating Dent and Flint populations during both developmental stages considering besides multiple environments also multiple traits. At heat stress, I observed an average decrease of 20% of the shoot dry weight during seedling stage and an average of 50% of yield loss, when heat stress was present during adult stage. At the heat locations heat stress was present in the year, when the experiments were conducted as temperatures exceeded 32°C there for more than 400 hours during the growing period in contrast to less than 30 hours at the standard locations. This emphasizes that maize crop production can suffer with the increasing number and intensity of summer heat waves. Furthermore, the study revealed strong differences between genotypes, which was indispensable to differentiate between heat tolerant and heat susceptible inbred lines. The tested genotypes originating from the Flint pool turned out to possess higher heat tolerance during seedling stage, whereas the genotypes derived from the Dent pool possessed higher heat tolerance during adult stage. This fact could be exploited by the maintenance of two pools with contrasting heat tolerance and could be beneficial for hybrid breeding. A direct selection of more heat tolerant genotypes in terms of grain yield is expensive and time-consuming. To facilitate the selection process in order to develop more heat tolerant cultivars, breeders could make use of marker assisted selection. To lay the foundation for this technique, in my thesis, QTL for heat tolerance during adult and during seedling stage were identified with the previously mentioned populations. Two QTL explained 19% of the total variance for heat tolerance with respect to grain yield in a simultaneous fit. Furthermore each two QTL were identified for two principal components, which accounted for heat tolerance during seedling stage. They explained 14 and 12% of the respective variance. The results can be used by breeding companies to develop marker assays in order to select heat tolerant genotypes from their proprietary genetic material during both stages in an initial screening. This would reduce the field capacities considerably, which are needed to test heat tolerance on a field level.