Browsing by Subject "Heuristik"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    Modelle und Lösungsverfahren zur langfristigen Planung der Stromproduktion einer flexiblen Biogasanlage unter Berücksichtigung von Verschleiß
    (2021) Butemann, Hendrik; Schimmelpfeng, Katja
    One of the most important measures against climate change is the shift from fossil to renewable energies. Many countries have therefore made it their goal to increase the share of renewable energies for electricity generation. In Germany, the share in 2019 was 40.2%, of which biomass accounted for 20.6%. This category includes biogas plants, which, unlike other sources of renewable energy, have the advantage of not being dependent on certain weather conditions. They are considered a flexible option for electricity generation because they can produce electricity when neither the sun is shining nor the wind is blowing. When the first biogas plants were put into operation, revenues from electricity production could be maximized by having the combined heat and power unit (CHP) associated with the biogas plant generate electricity continuously. To take advantage of the flexibility of biogas plants, German legislators introduced premiums that contained incentives to produce electricity during periods of low supply from other renewable energy sources. Since then, biogas plant operators have been able to maximize their revenues when the CHP produces electricity on demand, i.e., in start-stop mode. However, a large number of starts and stops of the CHP causes altered wear and tear and must be taken into account in the long-term planning of the electricity production of a biogas plant. The aim of this dissertation is therefore to use operations research methods to develop cyclical electricity production plans for biogas plants that take into account the wear and tear of the CHP and the timing and costs of maintenance activities in order to support biogas plant operators in maximizing their revenues. For this purpose, first a classification of electricity production planning of biogas plants into the planning tasks along the biomass-based supply chain is given. Subsequently, the basics of biogas plants are explained, which include their relevance in Germany, their way of operation, service and maintenance as well as the legal framework for their operation. The research gap, which is filled by this dissertation, results from the literature review on quantitative approaches for the operation of biogas plants. It shows that there is still no research work that sufficiently addresses the wear and tear of CHP in flexible operation and the planning of maintenance activities in connection with electricity production. Therefore, a conceptual optimization model is developed that accurately replicates the non-linear wear that occurs in reality and thus enables simultaneous planning of electricity production and maintenance activities. For better applicability with standard solvers, the model is additionally linearized. A case study based on real-world data reveals that a flexible biogas plant achieves higher total revenues than a continuously operated biogas plant under the conditions prevailing in Germany, even when maintenance costs are taken into account. The conceptual optimization model is then extended to produce a cyclical plan that biogas plant operators can apply on a weekly basis. In the following chapter, a greedy heuristic for generating a starting solution as well as a genetic algorithm and a tabu search are developed with the goal of reducing the computation time when solving the extended model. For this purpose, the basics of the individual solution methods are first explained and the input data are adapted to the problem with the help of parameter tuning. An extensive numerical study, in which the input parameters electricity prices, costs for maintenance activities, wear and tear of the CHP and biogas storage capacity are varied, compares the performance of the methods with that of the extended optimization model. In all scenarios, the tabu search determines the best result in low runtime. A summary and an outlook on further research opportunities conclude the dissertation.
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    Simultaneous lotsizing and scheduling - extensions and solution approaches
    (2018) Wörbelauer, Martin; Meyr, Herbert
    The present thesis focuses on simultaneous lotsizing and scheduling. A comprehensive review of the literature is presented in which the historical development of the subject and the current research gaps are, based on a classification scheme, described. Additionally, a review focusing on so-called „secondary resources“ (e.g., setup operators or raw materials), which are considered alongside the primary production resource, is provided. The insights on different types of secondary resources help to develop a new model formulation generalizing and extending the currently used approaches, which are specific to certain settings. Some illustrative examples demonstrate the functional principle and flexibility of this new formulation which can thus be used in a wide range of applications. Finally, a new heuristic to solve large-scaled simultaneous lotsizing and scheduling problems is presented. The heuristic creates a modified multi-line master problem by aggregating products into groups. The resulting problem is less complex and its solution can be used to define single-line sub problems. These sub problems are solved by heuristics present in the literature and the results are then combined to form a solution to the original problem. Numerical tests show the applicability of the aforementioned approach to solve problems of practical relevance.
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    Smarte Städtebauliche Objekte für eine adaptive Stadt : ein Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz zur Erhöhung der Wohlfahrt
    (2021) Hubl, Marvin; Kirn, Stefan
    The objective of the thesis is the advancement of urban areas with intelligent information technology to enhance urban life. In doing so, social inclusion of people with motor impairments is of particular interest. At this, an important group is the set of older adults. The aspired advancement aims at enabling self-determined participation in urban life, and hence in social life, up until old age: Participation in social life essentially depends on the opportunities for self-determined exertion of outdoor activities. Motor impairments in old age lead to a perceived significant reduction of safety in urban areas and hence concerned people are worried of using the urban area. To counteract the resulting avoidance of outdoor activities the thesis pursues the approach to transform urban objects by means of technologies of the Internet of Things into novel so-called Smart Urban Objects that actively provide support in outdoor activities. Smart Urban Objects are equipped with sensors, actuators and information processing capabilities and can adapt to individual requirements of pedestrians. Due to age-correlated motor impairments, there are for example special requirements for seating. Besides the information technological transformation of single urban objects, there are furthermore important requirements for networked Smart Urban Objects. By means of intelligently coordinated, goal-oriented availability of the supportive functionalities of single Smart Urban Objects, the urban area as overall system is enabled for adaptivity with respect to pedestrians requirements. The thesis studies the conception for an adaptive city with a safety-engineering approach at the example of smart seating and develops a method for an intelligent coordination of the networked Smart Urban Objects. For an accurate allocation of single smart seats as public objects with respect to individual requirements a welfare criterion is applied which shall avoid unfairness. Using methods of Artificial Intelligence the thesis develops a heuristic procedure for finding a solution according to the welfare criterion. This implements aspects of the theory of justice by John Rawls that underlie the welfare criterion for the example of the urban area. A scenario-based simulation substantiates that the developed solution approach can effectively enhance the safety-oriented welfare in the urban area.