Browsing by Subject "Microorganism"

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    Charakterisierung der Qualität von Blütenpollen in unterschiedlichen Regionen Baden-Württembergs
    (2022) Friedle, Carolin Gertrud Maria; Hasselmann, Martin
    Honey bees (Apis mellifera) collect nectar and pollen from plants to feed their brood. Pollen provides a wide range of nutrients, such as proteins and lipids, but also carbohydrates, vitamins and enzymes. Because of these ingredients, pollen is also attractive to humans and is used as a dietary supplement. However, honey bees collect pollen not only from wild plants, but also from flowering crops grown in agriculture. Accordingly, contamination from plant protection products can be found in bee pollen and bee bread. In order to get a deeper insight into the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during an entire season, a total of 102 daily pollen samples were collected from April to July 2018 using pollen traps in an orchard in southern Germany. Almost 90% of the pollen samples showed detectable levels of pesticide residues. A total of 29 pesticides were detected in the samples, with more than half being fungicides, followed by insecticides and herbicides. Maximum concentrations of up to 4500 ng/g could be measured at the end of April. Samples collected in early May and late June also showed high levels of pesticides. A general risk management was performed to assess the risk of the detected pesticide concentrations for honey bees. The microbial quality of bee pollen is highly dependent on its botanical and geographic origin, as well as climatic conditions and post-harvest processing steps by the beekeeper. If no processing steps such as freezing or drying follow after harvest, the growth of microorganisms can be promoted and the pollen quality can be influenced by negative side effects such as fermentation or the production of mycotoxins. Bacterial and fungal colonies can be determined both by culture-dependent methods such as colony counting on plates and by culture-independent methods such as 16-rRNA amplicon sequencing. Following the hypothesis that storage conditions influence the composition of microorganisms in bee pollen, freshly harvested bee pollen was stored for seven days in June 2018 and 2019 under defined conditions (cold, room temperature, warm) and analyzed by sequencing 16S and 18S PCR amplicons. The bacterial community varied slightly between the sites studied and showed no significant difference between the storage conditions. The fungal community showed significant differences both between the studied sites and between the different storage conditions. The dominant fungal genera in the pollen samples were Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Zygosaccharomyces. While Cladosporium was most dominant in freshly collected pollen and the percentage decreased during storage, Aspergillus and Zygosaccharomyces showed a significant increase especially under warm storage conditions. Other contaminants naturally produced by plants can also have negative impacts on human health. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids belong to a group of phytochemicals, of which more than 600 structures are known in around 3% of all flowering plants worldwide. PA are known to be able to cause both acute poisoning and chronic damage or cancer in animals and humans. In July 2019, pollen was collected at 57 locations in Baden-Württemberg and analyzed for 42 different PAs and their N-oxides in order to expand knowledge about PA contamination in pollen and to be able to estimate the risk of the concentrations. A total of 22 different PAs were detected in over 90% of all samples examined. Only 5% of the PA were obtained as PA from plants of Senecio sp. identified, while 95% of PAs with a botanical background are from Echium sp. and Eupatorium sp. could be identified. The maximum total concentration of PA per sample was determined to be 48,400 ng/g. According to the risk values calculated by the BfR, however, 42% of the samples represented an increased risk to human health.
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    Microplastics interactions with soil organisms
    (2022) Schöpfer, Lion; Kandeler, Ellen
    Microplastics (MP) are plastic particles from 100 nm to 5 mm with different shapes and chemical compositions. In aquatic ecosystems, MP have proven to affect the biological fitness of aquatic organisms, enter the food web, and act as vectors of pollutants. Agricultural soils are sinks for MP due to inputs via sewage sludges, plastic mulches, and organic fertilizers. However, ecological consequences of MP in agricultural soils are unknown. This doctoral thesis aimed to evaluate the risk of conventional and biodegradable MP for soil organisms in agricultural soils. A microcosm study was combined with a field study and a nematode study to investigate background concentrations, the persistence, and the biodegradation of MP in the soil, and effects of MP on soil microorganisms and nematodes. In the microcosm study, the influence of plastic type, particle size, and soil moisture on the biodegradation of MP in the soil and on effects on soil microorganisms were examined under controlled conditions (25 °C, 230 days). The abundance and composition of the main soil microbial groups was analyzed via phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as biomarkers; activities of C cycling enzymes driving the decomposition of differently complex substances were analyzed as proxies for C turnover. To understand better the role of MP as an interface for specific microbial processes in the soil, e.g. the enzymatic hydrolysis of MP, enzyme activities of individual MP particles extracted from the soil were measured. The site of the field study was a conventionally managed agricultural soil (silt-loam Luvisol) of the Heidfeldhof, University of Hohenheim. No practices associated with significant inputs of MP have been conducted at the site in the past (sewage sludge, organic fertilizers, plastic mulch). In a randomized complete block design, the effects of MP, organic fertilizers (digestate and compost), and their interactions on soil microbiological indicators (microbial biomass, soil enzymes) were studied. Before the setup of the field study, MP background concentrations (particle-based) in the soil were analyzed. The persistence of added MP in the soil was evaluated by comparing MP concentrations in the soil after 1 month and 17 months with initial MP concentrations after addition. In the nematode study, the soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to MP feed suspensions on agar plates. The uptake of MP through nematodes and the influence of plastic type and concentration on MP effects on nematode reproduction and body length were examined. In all studies, artificially fragmented MP from a conventional polymer (low-density polyethylene, LDPE) and a biodegradable polymer blend (poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate), PLA/PBAT) were used. The occurrence of both LDPE- and PLA/PBAT-MP is likely in agricultural soils because these are used for plastic mulches and compost bags. Results from this thesis suggest that (1) agricultural soils, including those without management practices related to significant MP entry, contain various MP, indicating diffuse MP inputs via atmospheric deposition, littering, and the abrasion of machinery coatings (a possible newly identified pathway), (2) also biodegradable MP persist and are slowly biodegraded in the soil implying a long term exposure risk for soil organisms to MP, (3) MP have no acute negative effects on microorganisms and C turnover, (4) MP form a specific habitat in the soil, the plastisphere, where MP-specific processes take place, e.g. the enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA/PBAT, (5) MP can enter the soil food web via nematodal uptake and affect nematode reproduction, which could destabilize the soil food web.