Browsing by Subject "Nahrungsaufnahme"

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    Dietary intake, nutritional status of lactating women and their 6-23-months-old children in Genta Afeshum District, Rural Ethiopia : adaptation and validation of calculator for inadequate micronutrient intake (CIMI)
    (2020) Desalegn, Beruk; Frank, Jan
    Religious fasting is one of the categories of dietary or food taboos, which may affect the dietary intake and nutritional status of individuals. In Ethiopia, about half of the population are followers of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo religion, and approximately 250 days per annum are fasting days. In these fasting days, lactating and pregnant women and children are exempted from fasting. However, lactating and pregnant women fast and are not also happy to prepare non-fasting foods for their children during the fasting days due to fear of contamination of family food. Early identification of micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia are flouted, as most often the quantitative dietary data are not available. As a result, the hidden hunger might have not been addressed properly, where it remains high and persistent. Therefore, easy to use, less costly and applicable assessment tool which can estimate the quantitative dietary intake of an individual or a community is urgently needed to achieve the national and international goals set for eradicating malnutrition. The Calculator for Inadequate Micronutrient Intake (CIM) is a simple, easy-to-use, informative, web-based application of quantitative dietary assessment method, which was first developed in Indonesia for Indonesian population. It estimates energy and nutrient intake correctly, and identifies nutrient inadequacy according to FAO/WHO recommended nutrient intake (RNI) regarding age, sex and physiological stage. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing and comparing the nutritional status and dietary intake of lactating women and their 6-23-months-old children in fasting and non-fasting periods, and to adapt and validate the CIMI program for Ethiopian population. This study was conducted in rural Genta Afeshum district, in Tigray, Ethiopia, where almost all people in the woreda are followers of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. A longitudinal study was conducted using575 and 522 lactating women and their 6-23-months-old children in the lent fasting and non-fasting. In the present study it was found out that the prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) in fasting lactating women was high (50.6%) which is associated with maternal age, maternal illness within four weeks preceding the fasting survey, fasting status during their pregnancy and lactation period of their children included in this study. Additional predictor variables for maternal underweight were grandfathers‘ as household decision maker, use of non-improved water source, household aid experience and the absence of chicken in the household. The average number of meals, diet diversity, and animal source foods consumption scores were significantly higher in non-fasting compared to fasting periods, regardless of the fasting status (p < 0.001, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Whereas, 31.6–33.7%, 11.7–15.7% and 4.4–4.8% of the 6-23-months-old children in the study population were stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively. In the fasting period, the weight-for-length (WLZ) and length-for-age (LAZ) values for the 6-23-months-old children of non-fasting mothers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the children of the fasting mothers‘ group. Similarly, the median weight-for-age (WAZ) and diet diversity score (DDS) of children of fasting mothers were also significantly lower in fasting compared to non-fasting period. The proportion of the 6-23-months-old children who met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) was small (2.3-6.7%) in the study population; however, this proportion was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the non-fasting than fasting period in the children of fasting mothers. Age of the child, maternal fasting status during pregnancy and lactation periods, maternal education and occupation were associated with child underweight. Likewise, age of the child, colostrum intake status, maternal fasting status during pregnancy and lactation period and toilet presence in the household were associated with child stunting. But, maternal fasting status during lactation period and maternal education predicted wasting in the children precisely. The average energy, protein and almost all micronutrients intakes of children and women were lower in fasting compared to non-fasting period. At the same time, the prevalence of inadequate intakes of energy, protein and most micronutrients were higher in both the children and lactating women during fasting than non-fasting period. The result of this study revealed that the correlation coefficients for the average dietary nutrient intake calculated by CIMI and the reference software NutriSurvey (NS) were between 0.741-0.956 for the children and between 0.779-0.920 for the lactating women groups. As a conclusion, the dietary pattern and nutritional status of lactating women and their breastfed children are affected during the fasting period. Therefore, the existing multi-sectoral nutrition intervention strategies in Ethiopia should include religious institutions in a sustainable manner. CIMI adapted for the rural Ethiopian setting estimates the average nutrient intake accurately; and identifies inadequate micronutrient intake of individuals enabling enumerators to provide feedback and suggest improvements. Thus, CIMI can be used in Ethiopia, as a simple dietary assessment tool by nutrition and related researchers, policy makers, implementers and evaluators.
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    Seasonal variation in growth, quantitative and qualitative food consumption of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål 1775), and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L. 1758), in Laguna de Bay, Philippines
    (2002) Richter, Hartmut; Becker, Klaus
    Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, lies directly southeast of the capital Manila. The lake has a mean depth of only 2.8m and a muddy bottom which is stirred during windy weather, causing turbid conditions (Secchi depth <30cm). In the dry season, the water level drops below that of the nearby sea, leading to a backflow of saline water which clears the water until the return of the monsoon winds (Secchi depth >100cm) and leads to algal blooms. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the lake has been used for culturing milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål), in large netpens (max. 2000ha) and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in smaller cages (max. 200m2). Initially, it was possible during the algal blooms to grow fish from fingerling (ca. 10g) to marketable size (ca. 200g) in three months, making two harvests a year possible. Aquaculture quickly spread until in the middle of the eighties, over a third of the lake was covered with cages. At the same time the growth of the fish declined, which was attributed to the excessive use of primary production. Since then, despite a reduction in aquaculture coverage to the generally recommended level of 10% of the lake, fish growth has never reached the levels of the early days of culture. In the present work, seasonal variation in growth, feeding spectrum and daily ration of these two species was to be investigated in relation to water quality in order to find out more about the interaction between aquaculture and the lake. Between May 1995 and August 1997, milkfish and tilapia were sampled on several occasions at commercial operations over the 24-hour cycle. Since milkfish, unlike tilapia, do not receive supplemental feed, the proportion of their growth derived only from natural food could be determined from the cultured fish. Tilapia were kept in cages without feed specially for this purpose and measured and weighed twice a month between March and November 1997. At the same time, selective water quality parameters (particulate organic and inorganic matter, Chlorophyll-a, zooplankton) were analysed weekly. The growth of unfed fish was significantly faster between saltwater intrusion (mid-May) and the return of the monsoons (late July) than at other times of the year. On the other hand, food consumption was only slightly higher in tilapia when the water was clear than at other times and in milkfish hardly differed over the year. Both species mainly fed on amorphous organic detritus; significant levels of phytoplankton were only found in the stomachs at times of algal bloom. In supplemented tilapia, the daily ration still consisted of 35-75% natural food, suggesting that pelleted feed was used inefficiently. The main factor limiting fish growth therefore seemed to be food quality since detritus has often been shown to be poor quality food. The weekly water samples collected in 1997 demonstrated that the total level of phytoplankton was not necessarily higher at times of rapid fish growth. The main difference was related to algal size, since at times of turbid water, small diatoms dominated but these were replaced by larger blue-green algae after saltwater intrusion. In conjunction with the feeding method of these fish, the strongly seasonal growth of the fish could now be explained. Phytoplanktivorous fish such as milkfish and tilapia can only select their food on the basis of size. Since the organic detritus in the lake consisted of particles smaller than 15µm, it was possible for the fish to selectively filter larger blue-green algae but not smaller diatoms. This could also explain why fish growth rates did not recover after a reduction in aquaculture in the mid-eighties, since the relationship between the level of algae and that of detritus seems to be more important than total algal biomass. In order to increase production to those levels found in the early seventies, the level of detritus in the lake would have to be reduced, for which its origin would have to be investigated first.
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    The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on nutrient digestion, protein metabolism, and performance of dairy cows as influenced by diet composition
    (2021) Kand, Deepashree Dilip; Dickhöfer, Uta
    Feeding excess dietary crude protein (CP) beyond the requirements of dairy cattle and microbes in the rumen increases production costs for farmers, excretion of nitrogen (N) to the environment, and has negative effects on the cows’ health and reproductive performance. Researchers have been interested in exploring the effects that diets with negative rumen nitrogen balance (RNB) may have on the dairy cattle and their rumen function. Results so far have been inconsistent may be due to the performance level of the animal with high-yielding dairy cows being more sensitive than low performing ones. Moreover, it may be supposed that variable responses to negative RNB in different studies may at least partly be related to varying ingredient composition and the type of main carbohydrate or N sources in the animals’ diets. The overall objective of the thesis was to generate a comprehensive understanding on the effects of interactions between the RNB levels and carbohydrate and N sources in cattle diets on rumen fermentation, the efficiency of microbial CP synthesis, and on N use efficiency in vitro and in vivo. The results of the present thesis indicate that the effects of negative RNB levels may vary with dietary composition in dairy cows. Therefore, outlining a single minimum RNB balance threshold for dairy cattle diets may not be appropriate when optimizing N utilization in dairy cows, because several animal and dietary factors modify the requirements of rumen microbes.