Browsing by Subject "Rumen nitrogen balance"

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    Impact of physically effective fiber on protein metabolism in dairy cows
    (2022) Heering, Ruth; Dickhöfer, Uta
    Fiber is a prerequisite in the nutrition of dairy cows, because it promotes rumen motility and mat formation, while stimulating chewing activity (i.e. eating and ruminating). Chewing and salivation ensure a stable rumen environment for the microbial symbionts by providing an even release and recycling of nutrients as well as by buffering the end products of rumen fermentation, and thus reducing the risk of acidosis. The concept of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) has been introduced to evaluate the adequacy of fiber supply to dairy cows. The peNDF combines both, the physical and the chemical characteristics of fiber, namely the dietary particle size and the neutral detergent fiber concentration. Various studies have been conducted to understand the effects of peNDF, particularly those concerning rumen health issues and the prevention of acidosis. Although some studies have looked at the effect of peNDF on nitrogen (N) metabolism, no studies are known that have evaluated the impact of peNDF on the partitioning of N excretion in dairy cows. Given that the peNDF can be considered as that fraction of the feed that stimulates chewing and salivation in ruminants, it may enhance recycling of circulating N and therefore increase the efficiency of N use by the animal. In this doctoral project, it was hypothesized that increasing the peNDF concentration of a diet stimulates chewing activity in dairy cows, thereby promoting salivation up to a certain peNDF concentration, after which chewing activity declines as a result of lower dry matter (DM) intake. It was further hypothesized that greater chewing activity and salivation may stimulate rumen N recycling and microbial protein synthesis (MPS), compensating for potential negative effects of reduced rumen-degradable crude protein supply on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and performance of dairy cows. The present dissertation uses the rumen N balance (RNB) to evaluate the availability of degradable crude protein in the rumen. Overall, three in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the proposed hypotheses. The first study tested the effects of four graded peNDF concentrations of a total mixed ration (TMR) on the chewing activity of eight lactating dairy cows to evaluate whether the selected peNDF concentrations have an effect on chewing activity. The second study evaluated the effects of different combinations of two dietary peNDF concentrations and two RNB (RNB0: 0 g/kg DM and RNB–: – 1.5 g/kg DM) in a TMR fed to twenty lactating dairy cows. The third study tested the effects of four different peNDF concentrations in a TMR fed to four rumen-fistulated lactating dairy cows. Overall, increasing the peNDF concentration did not always result in a reduction of DM intake by cows, which could be related to their stage of lactation and energy requirement. Total chewing time and total chews per kilogram of DM intake increased linearly with increasing peNDF concentration; however, the increment in chewing activity may have resulted only in a small increase in salivation and hence, in N recycling in the animal. Although, high peNDF concentration negatively affected the yield and efficiency of MPS and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients at low RNB, there were no indications that these parameters had any effect on the yield or composition of milk produced by the cows. There was also an interaction between the peNDF concentration and the RNB in the diets of dairy cows, with the effects being more pronounced at low RNB. Therefore, recommended peNDF concentration for dairy cows will vary with RNB and vice versa. The minimum RNB needed to sustain rumen functioning may differ depending on the dietary peNDF concentration. In this regard, more studies are needed for a better understanding of the interaction between RNB and peNDF concentration. Finally, offering dairy cows a slightly negative RNB diet at an optimum peNDF concentration may be a means of reducing the N emission from dairy milk production and hence, may provide economical and environmental benefits.
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    The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on nutrient digestion, protein metabolism, and performance of dairy cows as influenced by diet composition
    (2021) Kand, Deepashree Dilip; Dickhöfer, Uta
    Feeding excess dietary crude protein (CP) beyond the requirements of dairy cattle and microbes in the rumen increases production costs for farmers, excretion of nitrogen (N) to the environment, and has negative effects on the cows’ health and reproductive performance. Researchers have been interested in exploring the effects that diets with negative rumen nitrogen balance (RNB) may have on the dairy cattle and their rumen function. Results so far have been inconsistent may be due to the performance level of the animal with high-yielding dairy cows being more sensitive than low performing ones. Moreover, it may be supposed that variable responses to negative RNB in different studies may at least partly be related to varying ingredient composition and the type of main carbohydrate or N sources in the animals’ diets. The overall objective of the thesis was to generate a comprehensive understanding on the effects of interactions between the RNB levels and carbohydrate and N sources in cattle diets on rumen fermentation, the efficiency of microbial CP synthesis, and on N use efficiency in vitro and in vivo. The results of the present thesis indicate that the effects of negative RNB levels may vary with dietary composition in dairy cows. Therefore, outlining a single minimum RNB balance threshold for dairy cattle diets may not be appropriate when optimizing N utilization in dairy cows, because several animal and dietary factors modify the requirements of rumen microbes.