Browsing by Subject "Silomais"

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    Effects of nitrification inhibitors and application technique on trace gas fluxes from a maize field after cattle slurry fertilization
    (2019) Herr, Christina; Müller, Torsten
    In a time of climate change and against the background of intensive animal husbandry and biogas production in Germany, strategies for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) release and Nitrogen (N) losses from silage maize production become increasingly important, especially for organic fertilizers. Consequently, the main objective of this study was to determine the height of GHG release from silage maize production on a medium textured soil which is typical for this region in Southwest Germany and to evaluate useful fertilization opportunities to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint per yield unit. To identify management factors improving GHG budget from silage maize, annual nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) measurements were carried out during maize growth and subsequent black fallow at least weekly. Investigations were conducted over two years on two adjacent fields (one for each study year). Amounts of ammonia (NH3) volatilizations after fertilization and nitrate (NO3-) leaching losses were also included in GHG balances. In dependence on available data, determined or estimated values were used. Additionally, yield and N removal from maize plants were quantified. The basic treatments of this study which investigated impact of fertilizer form and application techniques, were an unfertilized control (CON), a mineral fertilization (MIN), a banded cattle slurry application by trailing hose and subsequent incorporation (INC) and a cattle slurry injection (INJ). As confirmed repeatedly, in contrast to broadcast slurry incorporation, slurry injection efficiently reduced the risk of NH3 losses by direct slurry placement into the soil, but simultaneously provoked N2O formation more strongly, probably due to the anaerobic conditions in the injection slot favoring denitrification. For reducing N2O release from slurry injection, the applicability of six single or combined nitrification inhibitors (NIs) concerning potential GHG reduction were investigated. This N2O reduction should be reached through the desynchronized availability of carbon (C) and NO3-, derived from nitrified slurry ammonium (NH4+). Thus, in the period after slurry application, N2O losses from denitrification as well as from nitrification should be reduced through NIs. For final evaluation, collection of measured and estimated data (including direct and indirect N2O losses (NH3, NO3-), CH4 budget, pre-chain emissions from mineral fertilizer and fuel consumption) were converted into CO2 equivalents and summarized as area- or yield-related GHG balances. Except for one of the INJ treatments with NI (exclusively investigated in the first year) and one INC treatment with NI (exclusively investigated in the second year), all remaining treatments were tested in both experimental years. The height of NH3 emissions from INC treatment (12-23 % of applied NH4+-N) was more weather-dependent than those from INJ treatment (12-15 % of applied NH4+-N). In mean over both years, cumulative N2O emission from INJ treatment (13.8 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1), was significantly higher than from CON, MIN, and INC which recorded 2.8, 4.7, and 4.4 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1. NIs decreased the fertilization-induced N2O emissions from injection by 36 % (mean over all NIs and years) by an order of magnitude comparable to slurry incorporation. The NIs investigated tended to be categorized in inhibitors with prior and delayed inhibitory maximum. Whether low persistence, or poor biological degradability was an advantage, depended on environmental conditions. A combination of two NIs, one with putative prior and one with delayed release behavior reached the highest N2O reduction. In the additional INC treatment, this NI combination tended to reduce annual N2O release by 20 % in comparison to incorporation without inhibitor. Beside the potential of reducing fertilization-induced N2O emissions, NIs might also help to improve CH4 budgets in silage maize production. In general, CON, MIN and INC were net CH4 sinks in both years with mean uptakes of 460, 127, and 793 g CH4-C ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Conversely, slurry injection resulted in net CH4 emissions of 3144 g CH4-C ha-1 yr-1 (mean over both years). However, NIs tended to reduce CH4 emissions from injection by around 48 % and increased CH4 consumption from slurry incorporation by 20 %. Across all treatments and years, direct N2O emissions were the major contributor to total GHG balance. Yield-related GHG budgets from both years were lowest for CON, followed by INC or MIN treatment and significantly highest for sole slurry injection. NIs decreased fertilization-induced GHG release from injection in mean over both years by order of magnitude comparable with slurry incorporation. Consequently, alongside slurry incorporation and broadcast mineral fertilization, slurry injection combined with recommended NIs was evaluated as an equally appropriate fertilization strategy in terms of the atmospheric burden for livestock farmers.
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    Untersuchungen zur Vererbung von Qualitätseigenschaften bei Silomais (Zea mays L.)
    (2004) Krützfeldt, Birte A. E.; Geiger, Hartwig H.
    In central Europe silage maize (Zea mays L.) is a major source of cattle feed. The quality or the feeding value of a silage maize variety mainly depends on its digestibility and energy content. The establishing of the near-infrared-reflectance-spectroscopy- (NIRS) technique allows the analysis of more than one quality determining trait simultaneously in an easy and short way. In this study one objective was the influence of stover quality on whole plant quality. In hybrid breeding indirect selection on the basis of inbred line performance has a great advantage because the number of testcrosses can be reduced. Therefore it was tested, if the stover quality of the testcrosses could be predicted on the line per se value. Besides the correlation between agronomic and quality traits was analysed. In the years 1999 and 2000 the evaluation of the stover of the lines and testcrosses and the whole plant of the testcrosses was conducted at four climatically diverse sites in Germany. Three data sets with flint-lines and dent-lines, each proved with one tester-line, were evaluated for the correlation between inbred line and testcross performance. The test for combining ability was performed with three smaller data sets also consisting of flint-lines and dent-lines with two tester-lines per data set. The coefficients of heritability were high for the agronomic and quality traits in the data sets of the inbred lines. In the data sets of the testcrosses the variation attributed to the genotypic variance was smaller, genotype × location-interactions were of lower importance. In the data sets, each with two tester-lines it was obvious that for quality traits of stover and whole plant the interaction between line and tester was mostly not significant. The genotypic correlation between inbred line and testcross performance was highly significant for almost all quality traits of the stover, but the correlation coefficients were mostly only moderate. Only the expected success of an indirect selection on line per se- value for cell-wall digestibility of the stover exceeded that of the direct selection on testcross performance in all data sets. However, a selection of extremes on line per se value should be possible for stover digestibility. The genotypic correlations between comparable traits in stover and whole plant were mainly low. The cell-wall digestibility was the only trait which was independent of dry matter content. For evaluation of the further quality traits attention has to be paid to the maturity stage, to prevent a maturity-based bias of the results. In the testcrosses stover digestibility increased and whole plant digestibility was reduced with an increase in whole plant dry matter yield. But the genotypic correlations were only moderate and a simultaneous selection to improve quality and yield seems to be possible.