Browsing by Subject "Strip-Till"

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    Development of management strategies to control soil erosion in field grown vegetables with a focus on white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba L.)
    (2014) Übelhör, Annegret; Claupein, Wilhelm
    Soil erosion by wind and water is a widely recognized problem throughout the world. Field grown vegetables, such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba L.), are particularly endangered by soil erosion because of high disturbance tillage, including deep inversion tillage by the mouldboard plough. Furthermore, wide row spacing and late soil covering by leaves intensify the problem. In light of this, field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in southwest Germany to investigate, develop and adapt soil erosion control strategies, in particular for field grown vegetables, with white cabbage as a model crop. Focus was placed first, on the use of row covers (fleece and nets), which are usually used as frost protection or for pest control in organic farming, and second, on the development and adoption of strip-tillage for field grown vegetables, which combine the benefits from conventional tillage (high yields) and no-tillage (erosion control). Artificial rainfall simulations demonstrated a high erosion control by row covers. Soil loss under fleece cover was reduced on average by 76% and under net cover by 48% compared to the uncovered control treatment. In 2012, fresh matter head yield was significantly higher under fleece (80 t ha-1) than control treatment (66 t ha1). The opposite was found in 2013, with highest yield under the non-covered control (64 t ha-1) and lowest under fleece cover (53 t ha-1). A higher prevalence of diseases under row covers compared to the control was only found in 2012 with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on 4% of cabbage heads under fleece cover. Soil loss under strip-tillage during artificial rainfall simulations in 2011 was reduced by an average of 80% compared to conventional tillage (512 g m-2). In 2012, soil losses were reduced by an average of 90% under non-intensive strip-tillage and by 48% under intensive strip-tillage compared to conventional tillage (210 g m-2). The fresh matter head yield in 2011 and 2013 under strip-tillage (58 t ha-1 and 57 t ha-1, respectively) was similar to conventional tillage (59 t ha-1 and 58 t ha-1, respectively). In 2012, cabbage yield was significantly higher under strip-tillage (74 t ha-1) than under conventional tillage (65 t ha-1). The intensive strip-tillage treatments with broadcast and band-placed nitrogen fertilization did not show a yield increase. Yield potential under band-placed fertilized strip-tillage was, at 67 t ha 1 (2012) and 50 t ha-1 (2013), the lowest within the strip-tillage treatments. The CROPGRO cabbage model was evaluated for cabbage production under temperate European climate conditions. After calibration of main parameters of phenology and plant growth, the model showed a high accuracy with indices of agreement mostly above d=0.94. Observed dry matter cabbage head yields of the different years and different locations ranged between 6574 kg ha-1 and 11926 kg ha 1 which were predicted by the model with an accuracy of R2=0.98. Also the sensitivity analysis, conducted under different nitrogen fertilizer amounts and different fertilizer application strategies, generated realistic values from an agronomic point of view. Overall, row covers and strip-tillage seem to be suitable for minimizing the erosion risk in vegetable production. The hypotheses of high erosion control under row covers and strip tillage can be accepted. Due to the modified microclimate under row covers, the infestation with pests and diseases can increase and the influence on cabbage growth can result in either a yield increase or decrease. Based on the study results, there is no evidence that the intensive, double-tilled strip-tillage treatment or the band-placed nitrogen fertilization lead to a yield increase. The non-intensive strip-tillage with only soil preparation in autumn showed the highest yield potential within the strip-tillage treatments, with similar or even higher yields than under conventional tillage. Furthermore, the CROPGRO cabbage model is suitable to simulate growth parameters and yield potential of white cabbage under temperate European climate conditions. For the future, due to the prediction of increased frequency of heavy rainfall events, soil conservation will focus increasingly on intensive crop production and farmers, particularly vegetables growers, will be increasingly dependent on erosion control strategies. For this reason, the approaches presented in this thesis can contribute significantly to produce field grown vegetables in a sustainable way that promotes soil protection.