Browsing by Subject "Unconventional protein sources"

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    Development of supplemental diets for carp in Vietnamese upland ponds based on locally available resources
    (2010) Nguyen Ngoc, Tuan; Focken, Ulfert
    Cyprinids play very important role in aquaculture, especially in Asia and Pacific regions. Vietnam is not an exception. Although aquaculture in Vietnam increased dramatically recently, its high value products such as catfish, tiger prawn seem to be unaffordable for the people in rural areas, especially for the mountainous ethnic minority in the North who are more independent to herbivorous and omnivorous fish such as grass carp, Indians carp, and common carp. Yen Chau is a district of Cyprinids play very important role in aquaculture, especially in Asia and Pacific regions. Vietnam is not an exception. Although aquaculture in Vietnam increased dramatically recently, its high value products such as catfish, tiger prawn seem to be unaffordable for the people in rural areas, especially for the Son La province, located in mountainous region in North-Western Vietnam. In this district, Black Thai ethnic minority accounts for approximately 54% population. Besides producing huge amount of grain and tuber crop such as maize and cassava for selling, aquaculture in a small poly-culture pond system is also a very typical activity which supplies an important nutritional source for human consumption and income generation as well. However, even though most of farmers in Yen Chau own at least one pond each, the demand on the local market cannot be covered (Steinbronn, 2009). Recently, unknown diseases causing high mortalities could be the reason of the decrease of grass carp production. To avoid risk from losing grass carp, farmers are tending to change the composition of the fish species stocked in favour of e.g. common carp and mud carp without having an appropriate feed base for these species. So far, no high quality feed was applied into the pond system. Therefore, the study entitled ?Development of supplemental diets for carp in Vietnamese upland ponds based on locally available resources? was conducted to not only contribute to an improvement of income and food security in the region but also meet the appeal of improvement of scientific knowledge on cyprinids which is inadequate with their great contribution. In the study, most of the possible feed ingredients were collected and analyzed for nutritive and non-nutritive values. Based on the results of the analysis a number of diets were formulated for 30% of CP and 10% of CL then tested by common carp. In total, four experiments were designed. The first was conducted in laboratory in which common carp were fed by local pelleted feed with 25, 50, and 75% protein derived from local ingredients. Results of this trial were confirmed by the trial 2 which was implemented under pond condition at Hanoi University of Agriculture. Trial 3 was conducted to compare different protein (full fat soybean meal and soybean cake) and carbohydrate sources (maize and cassava powder). Furthermore, sweet potato leaves were preliminarily investigated in fish feed inclusion. The last trial, trial 4, was carried out to evaluate the use of earthworm for common carp. Trial 1, 3 and 4 were designed for a recirculation system in which five common carp were stocked in each aquarium of 40 l with 3 replicates. Water flow through the aquaria was maintained at 6-7 litters per minute. Water temperature, DO and pH were kept at 25-27°C, above 4 mg/l and around 7.0-8.0, respectively. The photoperiod was set up at 12 hrs light:12 hrs dark. Fish were fed daily five times metabolic body mass requirement for eight weeks. The trial 2 consisted of four feeding groups (3 test diets and 1 control), each having three replicates. In each net, 45 common carp were stocked, Fish were fed three times per day (8h, 12h, and 16h) at a feeding rate of 5 times of maintenance requirement manually. Feed amount was adjusted every ten days after taking the weight of fish. The total trial lasted for 2 months. Analytical results show that all of local materials have good nutritive values, similar or better that those in other regions. Besides, fish meal and many other ingredients can be used as source of protein such as full fat soybean meal, soybean cake, meat meal, as well as earthworm powder. This earthworms Perionyx excavatus show a suitable quality for fish feed, high protein (71% of DM) and amino acids in comparison with many conventional protein sources, including fish meal. Replacement of 70% of protein (~ 20% of DM) by earthworms can significantly improve growth of fish. However, it is still unclear in full replacement fish meal by this material. Using maize and cassava in Yen Chau is also feasible because these materials not only are cheap but also are the most available. Among all plant materials, full fat soybean seems to be the best ingredient with high protein and lipid content. In contrast, fish seem to be deficient of nutrient by feeding sweet potato leaf inclusion diets. In conclusion, except for sweet potato, all of local ingredients can be used for fish feed formulation. The local feeds were well digested, utilized by omnivorous common carp. Despite local feed ingredients did not give the best growth of fish, they gave the best results in term of economic return. Local ingredient feed gave the lowest cost of feed as well as the lowest cost of fresh fish produced. The field trial fish performance seems to be better than in the laboratory due to receiving certain amount of natural food. Thus, fish utilize feed more efficiently resulted in reduction of feed conversion ratio as well as cost of feed per unit of fish produced. Transfer knowledge about low-cost feed to the local farmer together with basal techniques of producing, storing, and effective using fish feed is an important issue which could help farmers to improve production of fish in the region as well as contribute to poverty alleviation in the rural areas in Vietnam.