Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften

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Die Fakultät entwickelt in Lehre und Forschung nachhaltige Produktionstechniken der Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft. Sie erarbeitet Beiträge für den ländlichen Raum und zum Verbraucher-, Tier- und Umweltschutz.

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Agrivoltaics: The environmental impacts of combining food crop cultivation and solar energy generation
(2023) Wagner, Moritz; Lask, Jan; Kiesel, Andreas; Lewandowski, Iris; Weselek, Axel; Högy, Petra; Trommsdorff, Max; Schnaiker, Marc-André; Bauerle, Andrea
The demand for food and renewable energy is increasing significantly, whereas the availability of land for agricultural use is declining. Agrivoltaic systems (AVS), which combine agricultural production with solar energy generation on the same area, are a promising opportunity with the potential to satisfy this demand while avoiding land-use conflicts. In the current study, a Consequential Life-Cycle Assessment (CLCA) was conducted to holistically assess the environmental consequences arising from a shift from single-use agriculture to AVS in Germany. The results of the study show that the environmental consequences of the installation of overhead AVS on agricultural land are positive and reduce the impacts in 15 of the 16 analysed impact categories especially for climate change, eutrophication and fossil resource use, as well as in the single score assessment, mainly due to the substitution of the marginal energy mix. It was demonstrated that, under certain conditions, AVS can contribute to the extension of renewable energy production resources without reducing food production resources. These include maintaining the agricultural yields underneath the photovoltaic (PV) modules, seeking synergies between solar energy generation and crop production and minimising the loss of good agricultural land.
Assessment of a postharvest treatment with pyrimethanil via thermo-nebulization in controlling storage rots of apples
(2021) Büchele, Felix; Neuwald, Daniel A.; Scheer, Christian; Wood, Rachael M.; Vögele, Ralf T.; Wünsche, Jens N.
Apples are very susceptible to infections from various fungal pathogens during the growing season due to prolonged exposure to environmental influences in the field. Therefore, a strict and targeted fungicide strategy is essential to protect fruit and trees. Increased environmental and health concerns and pathogen resistance have resulted in a rising demand to reduce fungicide usage and residues on marketed fruit. Thus, producers must develop new plant protection strategies to conform to the legal and social demands while still offering high-quality apples. This study assessed the efficacy of a post-harvest fungicide treatment with pyrimethanil via thermo-nebulization for controlling storage rots and compared the results to those of standard pre-harvest fungicide strategies. The results showed that a single post-harvest application of pyrimethanil successfully controlled storage rots and is comparable to strategies using multiple pre-harvest fungicide applications. The control of fungal rot was sustained even after 5 months of storage and 2 weeks of shelf life. Thermo-nebulization into the storage facility allowed for a lower dosage of fungicide to be used compared to pre-harvest applications, while still maintaining optimal rot control. Residue analyses showed that the post-harvest fungicide treatment did not exceed legal or retailer’s standards.
Cd and Zn concentrations in soil and silage maize following the addition of P fertilizer
(2021) Niño-Savala, Andrea Giovanna; Weishaar, Benedikt; Franzaring, Jürgen; Liu, Xuejun; Fangmeier, Andreas
Studies of soil Cd and Zn are often performed on sites that are contaminated or have deficient Zn conditions. Soil characteristics and crop management could impact the soil mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn, even when considering unpolluted Cd soils and adequate soil Zn levels. The concentrations of these two metals were assessed in soil and silage maize under five P fertilization treatments at two growth stages under low Cd and sufficient Zn conditions. Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise linear regressions were calculated to investigate the soil characteristics influencing the bioavailable metal fraction in soil and the metal concentration in silage maize. P treatments did not impact Cd accumulation in maize; however, the Zn uptake was affected by P placement at the leaf development stage. From early development to maturity, the Cd level in maize decreased to 10% of the initial uptake, while the Zn level decreased to 50% of the initial uptake. This reduction in both metals may be attributed to a dilution effect derived from high biomass production. Silage maize could alleviate the initial Cd uptake while diminishing the depressant effect of P fertilizer on Zn concentration. Further research is required to understand the effect of P fertilizer on Cd uptake and its relation to Zn under field conditions at early and mature stages.
Determinants for smallholder farmers’ adoption of improved forages in dairy production systems: The case of Tanga region, Tanzania
(2022) Ndah, Hycenth Tim; Schuler, Johannes; Nkwain, Vandoline N.; Nzogela, Beatus; Mangesho, Walter; Mollel, Richard; Loina, Rose; Zander, Peter; Paul, Birthe K.
Dairy productivity in sub-Saharan Africa remains below its potential, while there is an increasing demand for milk from its growing population. This study focuses on the adoption potential of improved, more nutritive and productive forages by smallholder farmers in the Tanga region of Tanzania. By applying a qualitative mixed-method approach, including farm visits, interviews and a multi-stakeholder workshop guided by the Qualitative Assessment Tool for Forage Technologies (QATo-FT), we systematically identify and analyse the roles of the (i) institutional and political, (ii) socio-economic and (iii) cultural factors influencing the adoption and diffusion of improved forage technologies. The findings reveal the unsuitable cool climate and unfavourable socioeconomic conditions, including low labour opportunity costs in the dry season as critical reasons for the low current adoption rate. However, a positive community attitude, the recognised ecological benefits and the supporting role of promoting institutions are the main influencing factors of a high adoption potential. Yet, the political and institutional framework at the regional level, as well as the market conditions, negatively influence the adoption potential. We suggest an integrated approach for rural development that goes beyond the improvement of yields, but provides more efficient use of land and labour in the region.
The effects of leguminous living mulch intercropping and its growth management on organic cabbage yield and biological nitrogen fixation
(2022) Stein, Sophie; Hartung, Jens; Möller, Kurt; Zikeli, Sabine
In organic horticulture, living mulches (LM) are used for weed suppression and erosion prevention. In addition, leguminous LM can contribute to higher nitrogen (N) import into vegetable cultivation systems via biological N2 fixation (BNF). In order to investigate the effect of LM systems, a two- as well as three-year field experiment was conducted between 2019 and 2021 at two locations in Southwest Germany. White cabbage was intercropped with two different clover varieties (Trifolium repens cv. ‘Rivendel’, with regular growth and T. repens cv. ‘Pipolina’, a micro clover) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. ‘Premium’). Bare soil (with spontaneous vegetation) without intercropping was the control treatment. The second factor was the growth management of the LM: incorporation by rototilling before planting the cabbage, intercropping with the cabbage and no LM growth management, and intercropping with mulching of the LM during the cabbage growing. The results show that rototilling LM before planting the cabbage did not lead to higher weight of cabbage residues or differences in total head yield among the treatments for growth management. Intercropping without further LM growth management did not result in a reduced total head yield of cabbage compared to mulching. The micro clover ‘Pipolina’ showed no reduced competition with cabbage compared to the regular-growing white clover ‘Rivendel’. Therefore, we conclude that leguminous LM systems, regardless of growth management, can achieve high yields with sufficient irrigation and additional fertilization while increasing the inputs of N via BNF into the entire cropping system.
Effects of liquid manure application techniques on ammonia emission and winter wheat yield
(2023) ten Huf, Martin; Reinsch, Thorsten; Zutz, Mareike; Essich, Christoph; Ruser, Reiner; Buchen-Tschiskale, Caroline; Flessa, Heinz; Olfs, Hans‐Werner
Ammonia emissions following liquid manure application impair human health and threaten natural ecosystems. In growing arable crops, where immediate soil incorporation of the applied liquid manure is not possible, best-available application techniques are required in order to decrease ammonia losses. We determined ammonia emission, crop yield and nitrogen uptake of winter wheat in eight experimental sites across Germany. Each individual experiment consisted of an unfertilized control (N0), broadcast calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) application as well as four different techniques to apply cattle slurry (CS) and biogas digestate (BD). Fertilizer was applied to growing winter wheat at a total rate of 170 kg N ha−1 split into two equal dressings. The following application techniques were tested for both liquid manure types: (i) trailing hose (TH) application using untreated and (ii) acidified (~pH 6) liquid manure (+A), as well as (iii) a combination of open slot injection (SI) for the first dressing and trailing shoe (TS) application for the second dressing without and (iv) with the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) for the first dressing. The highest ammonia emissions (on average 30 kg N ha−1) occurred following TH application of BD. TH application of CS led to significantly lower emissions (on average 19 kg N ha−1). Overall, acidification reduced ammonia emissions by 64% compared to TH application without acidification for both types of liquid manures. On average, the combination of SI and TS application resulted in 23% lower NH3 emissions in comparison to TH application (25% for the first application by SI and 20% for the second application by TS). Supplementing an NI did not affect ammonia emissions. However, decreasing ammonia emissions by acidification or SI did not increase winter wheat yield and nitrogen uptake. All organically fertilized treatments led to similar crop yield (approx. 7 t ha−1 grain dry matter yield) and above-ground biomass nitrogen uptake (approx. 150 kg ha−1). Yield (8 t ha−1) and nitrogen uptake (approx. 190 kg ha−1) were significantly higher for the CAN treatment; while for the control, yield (approx. 4.5 t ha−1) and above-ground biomass nitrogen uptake (approx. 90 kg ha−1) were significantly lower. Overall, our results show that reducing NH3 emissions following liquid manure application to growing crops is possible by using different mitigation techniques. For our field trial series, acidification was the technique with the greatest NH3 mitigation potential.
Evaluation of the effects of airflow distribution patterns on deposit coverage and spray penetration in multi-unit air-assisted sprayer
(2022) Li, Tian; Qi, Peng; Wang, Zhichong; Xu, Shaoqing; Huang, Zhan; Han, Leng; He, Xiongkui
Efficient utilization is a pre-requisite for pesticide reduction, and appropriate airflow distribution pattern plays a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of pesticide application by air-assisted orchard sprayers, yet the mechanism of this is unclear. In order to clarify the specific effects of airflow velocity and direction on spraying efficacy, a series of spray tests on pear and cherry and airflow distribution tests in open areas were conducted by a multi-unit air-assisted sprayer on ten different fan settings. Several deposit indicators were analyzed and contrasted with the air distribution. The results showed that an increase in airflow velocity inside the canopy improved the abaxial side deposit coverage of both pear (from 3.33% to 11.80% in the Top canopy and from 6.26% to 11.00% in the Upper canopy) and cherry leaves (from 3.61% to 10.87% in the Top canopy, from 1.36% to 9.04% in the Middle canopy, and from 3.40% to 9.04% in the Bottom canopy), but had no significant effect on the spray penetration. The correlation between deposit indicators and airflow velocities/directions was evaluated, and the results indicated that the enhanced airflow velocities, both in the forward and horizontal direction, improved the abaxial side deposit coverage (CAB) on the outside of pear canopy (p < 0.001), but for cherry, none of the airflow indicators had a significant impact on the CAB independently. On the other hand, the increased airflow direction angle in the cross-row plane for pear, as well as the increased airflow velocities in forward and vertical direction for cherry, both showed negative effects on the adaxial side deposit coverage (p < 0.01). The findings in this study might be helpful to improve the performance of pesticide application in orchards, especially for abaxial side deposition, and could provide a reference for the further investigations about the effect of airflow on spray canopy deposition.
Exploring the effects of different stubble tillage practices and glyphosate application combined with the new soil residual herbicide cinmethylin against Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. in winter wheat
(2022) Messelhäuser, Miriam Hannah; Saile, Marcus; Sievernich, Bernd; Gerhards, Roland
Effective control of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass) solely with a chemical treatment is not guaranteed anymore because populations exhibit resistance to almost all herbicide modes of action. Integrated weed management (IWM) against blackgrass is necessary to maintain high weed control efficacies in winter cereals. Four field experiments were conducted in Southwest Germany from 2018 to 2020 to control A. myosuroides with a combination of cultural and chemical methods. Stubble treatments, including flat, deep and inversion soil tillage; false seedbed preparation and glyphosate use, were combined with the application of the new pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin in two rates in winter wheat. Average densities of A. myosuroides in the untreated control plots were up to 505 plants m−2. The combination of different stubble management strategies and the pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin controlled 86–97% of A. myosuroides plants at the low rate and 95–100% at the high rate until 120 days after sowing. The different stubble tillage practices varied in their efficacy between trials and years. Most effective and consistent were pre-sowing glyphosate application on the stubble and stale seedbed preparation with a disc harrow. Stubble treatments increased winter wheat density in the first year but had no effect on crop density in the second year. Pre-emergence application of cinmethylin did not reduce winter wheat densities. Multiple tactics of weed control, including stubble treatments and pre-emergence application of cinmethylin, provided higher and more consistent control of A. myosuroides. Integration of cultural weed management could prevent the herbicide resistance development.
Genetic variation for cold tolerance in two nested association mapping populations
(2023) Revilla, Pedro; Butrón, Ana; Rodriguez, Víctor Manuel; Rincent, Renaud; Charcosset, Alain; Giauffret, Catherine; Melchinger, Albrecht E.; Schön, Chris-Carolin; Bauer, Eva; Altmann, Thomas; Brunel, Dominique; Moreno-González, Jesús; Campo, Laura; Ouzunova, Milena; Álvarez, Ángel; Ruíz de Galarreta, José Ignacio; Laborde, Jacques; Malvar, Rosa Ana
Cold reduces maize (Zea mays L.) production and delays sowings. Cold tolerance in maize is very limited, and breeding maize for cold tolerance is still a major challenge. Our objective was to detect QTL for cold tolerance at germination and seedling stages. We evaluated, under cold and control conditions, 919 Dent and 1009 Flint inbred lines from two nested association mapping designs consisting in 24 double-haploid populations, genotyped with 56,110 SNPs. We found a large diversity of maize cold tolerance within these NAM populations. We detected one QTL for plant weight and four for fluorescence under cold conditions, as well as one for plant weight and two for chlorophyll content under control conditions in the Dent-NAM. There were fewer significant QTL under control conditions than under cold conditions, and half of the QTL were for quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Our results supported the large genetic discrepancy between optimal and low temperatures, as the quantity and the position of the QTL were very variable between control and cold conditions. Furthermore, as we have not found alleles with significant effects on these NAM designs, further studies are needed with other experimental designs to find favorable alleles with important effects for improving cold tolerance in maize.
Management effect on the weed control efficiency in double cropping systems
(2023) Schmidt, Fruzsina; Böhm, Herwart; Graß, Rüdiger; Wachendorf, Michael; Piepho, Hans-Peter
There are often negative side-effects associated with the traditional (silage) maize cropping system related to the unprotected soil surface. Reducing soil disturbance could enhance system sustainability. Yet, increased weed pressure and decreased nitrogen availability, particularly in organic agriculture, may limit the implementation of alternative management methods. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at two distinct locations to evaluate the weed control efficiency of 18 organically managed silage maize cropping systems. Examined parameters were relative weed groundcover (GCweed) and its correlation with maize dry matter yield (DMY), relative proportion of dominant weed species (DWS) and their groups by life form (DWSgroup). Treatment factors comprised first crop (FC—winter pea, hairy vetch, and their mixtures with rye, control (sole silage maize cropping system—SCS)), management—incorporating FC use and tillage (double cropping system no-till (DCS NT), double cropping system reduced till (DCS RT), double cropped, mulched system (DCMS Roll) and SCS control), fertilization, mechanical weed control and row width (75 cm and 50 cm). The variation among environments was high, but similar patterns occurred across locations: Generally low GCweed occurred (below 28%) and, therefore, typically no correlation to maize DMY was observed. The number of crops (system), system:management and occasionally management:FC (group) influenced GCweed and DWS(group). Row width had inconsistent and/or marginal effects. Results suggest differences related to the successful inclusion of DCS and DCMS into the rotation, and to the altered soil conditions, additional physical destruction by shallow tillage operations, especially in the early season, which possibly acts through soil thermal and chemical properties, as well as light conditions. DCS RT could successfully reduce GCweed below 5%, whereas DCS NT and particularly DCMS (Mix) suffered from inadequate FC management. Improvements in DCMS may comprise the use of earlier maturing legumes, especially hairy vetch varieties, further reduction/omission of the cereal companion in the mixture and/or more destructive termination of the FC.
Mechanical weed control: Sensor-based inter-row hoeing in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the Transylvanian depression
(2024) Parasca, Sergiu Cioca; Spaeth, Michael; Rusu, Teodor; Bogdan, Ileana
Precision agriculture is about applying solutions that serve to obtain a high yield from the optimization of resources and the development of technologies based on the collection and use of precise data. Precision agriculture, including camera-guided row detection and hydraulic steering, is often used as an alternative because crop damage can be decreased and driving speed can be increased, comparable to herbicide applications. The effects of different approaches, such as uncontrolled (UC), mechanical weed control (MWC), herbicide weed control (HWC), and mechanical + herbicide control (MWC + HWC), on weed density and yield of sugar beet were tested and evaluated in two trials (2021 and 2022) in South Transylvania Depression at the tested intervals BBCH 19 and 31. Weed control efficacy (WCE) depends on the emergence of the weeds and a good timing of weed controls in all the trials and methods, though the highest yield of sugar beet roots was recorded in the treatment MWC + HWC, with an increase up to 12–15% (56.48 t ha−1) yield from HWC (50.22 t ha−1) and a yield increase of more than 35–40% than MWC (42.34 t ha−1). Our trials show that it is possible to increase yield and have fewer chemical applications with the introduction of new precision technologies in agriculture, including sensor-guided mechanical controls.
Organic matter composition of digestates has a stronger influence on N2O emissions than the supply of ammoniacal nitrogen
(2021) Petrova, Ioana Petrova; Pekrun, Carola; Möller, Kurt
Manures can be treated by solid–liquid separation and more sophisticated, subsequent approaches. These processes generate fertilizers, which may differ in composition and N2O release potential. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of processing-related changes in digestate composition on soil-derived N2O emissions after application to soil. For that purpose, N2O emissions within the first 7 weeks after fertilization with two raw and eight processed digestates (derived from solid–liquid separation, drying and pelletizing of separated solid, and vacuum evaporation of separated liquid) were measured in the field in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, an incubation experiment was run for 51 days to further investigate the effect of subsequent solid and liquid processing on soil-derived N2O release. The results showed that, only in 2016, the separation of digestate into solid and liquid fractions led to a decrease in N2O emissions in the following order: raw digestate > separated liquid > separated solid. N removal during subsequent processing of separated solid and liquid did not significantly influence the N2O emissions after fertilization. In contrast, the concentrated application of the final products led to contradictory results. Within the solid processing chain, utilization of pellets considerably increased the N2O emissions by factors of 2.7 (field, 2015), 3.5 (field, 2016), and 7.3 (incubation) compared to separated solid. Fertilization with N-rich ammonium sulfate solution led to the lowest emissions within the liquid processing chain. It can be concluded that the input of less recalcitrant organic C into the soil plays a greater role in N2O release after fertilization than the input of ammoniacal N. Digestate processing did not generally reduce emissions but apparently has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions substantially if managed properly.
Precision chemical weed management strategies: A review and a design of a new CNN-based modular spot sprayer
(2022) Allmendinger, Alicia; Spaeth, Michael; Saile, Marcus; Peteinatos, Gerassimos G.; Gerhards, Roland
Site-specific weed control offers a great potential for herbicide savings in agricultural crops without causing yield losses and additional weed management costs in the following years. Therefore, precision weed management is an efficient tool to meet the EU targets for pesticide reduction. This review summarizes different commercial technologies and prototypes for precision patch spraying and spot spraying. All the presented technologies have in common that they consist of three essential parts. (1) Sensors and classifiers for weed/crop detection, (2) Decision algorithms to decide whether weed control is needed and to determine a suitable type and rate of herbicide. Usually, decision algorithms are installed on a controller and (3) a precise sprayer with boom section control or single nozzle control. One point that differs between some of the techniques is the way the decision algorithms classify. They are based on different approaches. Green vegetation can be differentiated from soil and crop residues based on spectral information in the visible and near-infrared wavebands (“Green on Brown”). Those sensors can be applied for real-time on/off control of single nozzles to control weeds before sowing after conservation tillage and in the inter-row area of crops. More sophisticated imaging algorithms are used to classify weeds in crops (“Green on Green”). This paper will focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for plant species identification. Alternatively, the position of each crop can be recorded during sowing/planting and afterward herbicides can be targeted to single weeds or larger patches of weeds if the economic weed threshold is exceeded. With a standardized protocol of data communication between sensor, controller and sprayer, the user can combine different sensors with different sprayers. In this review, an ISOBUS communication protocol is presented for a spot sprayer. Precision chemical weed control can be realized with tractor-mounted sprayers and autonomous robots. Commercial systems for both classes will be introduced and their economic and environmental benefits and limitations will be highlighted. Farmers ask for robust systems with less need for maintenance and flexible application in different crops.
Remote sensing of maize plant height at different growth stages using UAV-based digital surface models (DSM)
(2022) Oehme, Leon Hinrich; Reineke, Alice-Jacqueline; Weiß, Thea Mi; Würschum, Tobias; He, Xiongkui; Müller, Joachim
Plant height of maize is related to lodging resistance and yield and is highly heritable but also polygenic, and thus is an important trait in maize breeding. Various manual methods exist to determine the plant height of maize, yet they are labor-intensive and time consuming. Therefore, we established digital surface models (DSM) based on RGB-images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at five different dates throughout the growth period to rapidly estimate plant height of 400 maize genotypes. The UAV-based estimation of plant height (PHUAV) was compared to the manual measurement from the ground to the highest leaf (PHL), to the tip of the manually straightened highest leaf (PHS) and, on the final date, to the top of the tassel (PHT). The best results were obtained for estimating both PHL (0.44 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.51) and PHS (0.50 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.61) from 39 to 68 days after sowing (DAS). After calibration the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between PHUAV and PHS was in a range from 12.07% to 19.62%. It is recommended to apply UAV-based maize height estimation from 0.2 m average plant height to maturity before the plants start to senesce and change the leaf color.
Social-ecologically more sustainable agricultural production
(2023) von Cossel, Moritz; Castro-Montoya, Joaquín; Iqbal, Yasir
Wood-ash fertiliser and distance from drainage ditch affect the succession and biodiversity of vascular plant species in tree plantings on marginal organic soil
(2022) Zuševica, Austra; Celma, Santa; Neimane, Santa; von Cossel, Moritz; Lazdina, Dagnija
Cutaway peatland is a marginal land, which without further management is an unfavourable environment for plant growth due to low bearing capacity, high acidity and unbalanced nutrient composition of the soil. After wood-ash application, the soil becomes enriched with P and K, creating better conditions for tree growth. In addition to being economically viable, tree plantations ensure long-term carbon storage and promote habitat restoration. In a three-year term, we studied how distance from a drainage ditch and three different doses of wood-ash—5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare—affect the diversity of vascular plants in a tree plantation on a cutaway peatland. Plant species richness, vegetation cover and composition were positively affected by the distance from the drainage ditch and application with fertiliser, but in most cases, fertiliser dose had no significant effect. Both cover and species diversity were not affected by the planted tree species. In a tree plantation, herbaceous plants provide soil fertility by decay and recycling, and reduce mineral leaching in the long term. Since vascular plants play an important role in both the development of habitats and tree growth, it is important to know how multiple factors influence the development of vegetation in tree plantations.
Yield performance of woody crops on marginal agricultural land in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine
(2022) Celma, Santa; Sanz, Marina; Ciria, Pilar; Maliarenko, Oksana; Prysiazhniuk, Oleh; Daugaviete, Mudrite; Lazdina, Dagnija; von Cossel, Moritz
Agricultural land abandonment due to biophysical and socioeconomic constraints is increasing across Europe. Meanwhile there is also an increase in bioenergy demand. This study assessed woody crop performance on several relevant types of marginal agricultural land in Europe, based on field experiments in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine. In Latvia, hybrid aspen was more productive than birch and alder species, and after eight years produced 4.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony soil with sandy loam texture, when best clone and treatment combination was selected. In Spain, Siberian elm produced up to 7.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony, sandy soil with low organic carbon content after three triennial rotations. In Ukraine, willow plantations produced a maximum of 10.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on a soil with low soil organic carbon after second triennial rotation. The productivity was higher when management practices were optimized specifically to address the limiting factors of a site. Longer rotations and lower biomass yields compared to high-value land can be expected when woody crops are grown on similar marginal agricultural land shown in this study. Future studies should start here and investigate to what extent woody crops can contribute to rural development under these conditions.

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