Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften

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Disparities in health and nutrition between semi-urban and rural mothers and birth outcomes of their newborns in Bukavu, DR Congo: A baseline assessment
(2023) Beitze, Damaris Elisabeth; Malengera, Céline Kavira; Kabesha, Theophile Barhwamire; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
Aim: This research aimed to evaluate health and nutritional practices of mothers during pregnancy and birth outcomes of their newborns in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), comparing semi-urban and rural areas. Background: Health and nutrition during pregnancy are crucial for adequate development of the fetus. Health care plays an important role but is often poor in rural areas of developing countries. Methods: A baseline survey of a nutritional follow-up study was conducted in two semi-urban and one rural hospital in the vicinity of Bukavu, DRC. In total, 471 mother-child pairs were recruited after delivery. Data collection included socio-demographic parameters, nutrition and health measures during pregnancy, and anthropometric parameters. Semi-urban and rural study locations were compared and predictors of birth weight evaluated. Findings: Semi-urban and rural mothers differed significantly in nutrition and health practices during pregnancy, as well as birth outcomes. In the rural area, there was a higher rate of newborns with low birth weight (10.7%) and lower rates of antimalarial medication (80.8%), deworming (24.6%), consumption of nutritional supplements (81.5%), and being informed about nutrition by medical staff (32.8%) during pregnancy as well as practicing family planning (3.1%) than in the semi-urban areas (2.7%, 88.6%, 88.3%; 89.3%, 46.5%, and 17.1%, respectively). Birth weight was positively predicted by increasing maternal MUAC, age, and gestational age and negatively by rural location, being primipara, being a farmer, and female newborn sex. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of strengthening antenatal care activities especially in rural areas in order to ameliorate both maternal and infantile health and ensure appropriate development.
Increasing post-digestive solubility of curcumin is the most successful strategy to improve its oral bioavailability: A randomized cross-over trial in healthy adults and in vitro bioaccessibility experiments
(2021) Flory, Sandra; Sus, Nadine; Haas, Kathrin; Jehle, Sina; Kienhöfer, Eva; Waehler, Reinhard; Adler, Günther; Venturelli, Sascha; Frank, Jan
Scope: Different mechanistic approaches to improve the low oral bioavailability of curcumin have been developed, but not yet directly compared in humans. Methods and Results: In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial with 12 healthy adults, the 24 h pharmacokinetics of a single dose of 207 mg curcumin is compared from the following formulations: native, liposomes, with turmeric oils, with adjuvants (including piperine), submicron-particles, phytosomes, γ-cyclodextrin complexes, and micelles. No free, but only conjugated curcumin is detected in all subjects. Compared to native curcumin, a significant increase in the area under the plasma concentration–time curve is observed for micellar curcumin (57-fold) and the curcumin-γ-cyclodextrin complex (30-fold) only. In vitro digestive stability, solubility, and micellization efficiency of micellar curcumin (100%, 80%, and 55%) and curcumin-γ-cyclodextrin complex (73%, 33%, and 23%) are higher compared to all other formulations (<72%, <8%, and <4%). The transport efficiencies through Caco-2 cell monolayers of curcumin from the digested mixed-micellar fractions did not differ significantly. Conclusion: The improved oral bioavailability of micellar curcumin, and to a lesser extent of γ-cyclodextrin curcumin complexes, appears to be facilitated by increased post-digestive stability and solubility, whereas strategies targeting post-absorptive processes, including inhibition of biotransformation, appear ineffective.
Anthropometrics, hemoglobin status and dietary micronutrient intake among Tanzanian and Mozambican pigeon pea farmers
(2022) Eleraky, Laila; Issa, Ramula; Maciel, Sónia; Mbwana, Hadijah; Rybak, Constance; Frank, Jan; Stuetz, Wolfgang
Inadequate consumption of micronutrient-dense and protein-rich foods such as vegetables, legumes and meat is an important contributing cause for anemia and deficiencies of vitamin A and iron in rural communities of Tanzania and Mozambique. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the nutritional status (anthropometrics and hemoglobin) and diets in particular micronutrient intake of female and male pigeon pea farmers from Lindi, Tanzania, and Gurué, the Zambézia province of Mozambique. A total of 1526 farmers (669 from Tanzania, 857 from Mozambique) were studied, of whom 16% were overweight and 35% were anemic. The highest prevalence of overweight and anemia, at 35% and 48%, was observed in Tanzanian and Mozambican women, respectively. Overall, only a small proportion of women and men reached the recommended daily dietary intake of vitamin A (10%), iron (51%) and zinc (44%). Multiple regression models revealed that dark green leafy vegetables (DGLVs) highly predicted vitamin A intake, whereas legumes in Tanzania and starchy plants in Mozambique were actually the dominant sources of vitamin A. Cereals covered over half of the iron and the zinc intake in both countries. An increased consumption of micronutrient-rich DGLVs and legumes, while reducing the high amounts of refined maize or polished rice, is suggested to counteract the high prevalence of anemia and overweight among smallholder farmers in East and South Eastern Africa.
Heritable variation of foliar spectral reflectance enhances genomic prediction of hydrogen cyanide in a genetically structured population of eucalyptus
(2022) Ballesta, Paulina; Ahmar, Sunny; Lobos, Gustavo A.; Mieres-Castro, Daniel; Jiménez-Aspee, Felipe; Mora-Poblete, Freddy
Plants produce a wide diversity of specialized metabolites, which fulfill a wide range of biological functions, helping plants to interact with biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, an integrated approach based on high-throughput plant phenotyping, genome-wide haplotypes, and pedigree information was performed to examine the extent of heritable variation of foliar spectral reflectance and to predict the leaf hydrogen cyanide content in a genetically structured population of a cyanogenic eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell). In addition, the heritable variation (based on pedigree and genomic data) of more of 100 common spectral reflectance indices was examined. The first profile of heritable variation along the spectral reflectance curve indicated the highest estimate of genomic heritability (hg2=0.41) within the visible region of the spectrum, suggesting that several physiological and biological responses of trees to environmental stimuli (ex., light) are under moderate genetic control. The spectral reflectance index with the highest genomic-based heritability was leaf rust disease severity index 1 (hg2=0.58), followed by the anthocyanin reflectance index and the Browning reflectance index (hg2=0.54). Among the Bayesian prediction models based on spectral reflectance data, Bayes B had a better goodness of fit than the Bayes-C and Bayesian ridge regression models (in terms of the deviance information criterion). All models that included spectral reflectance data outperformed conventional genomic prediction models in their predictive ability and goodness-of-fit measures. Finally, we confirmed the proposed hypothesis that high-throughput phenotyping indirectly capture endophenotypic variants related to specialized metabolites (defense chemistry), and therefore, generally more accurate predictions can be made integrating phenomics and genomics.
Synthesis of human phase I and phase II metabolites of hop (Humulus lupulus) prenylated flavonoids
(2022) Buckett, Lance; Schönberger, Sabrina; Spindler, Veronika; Sus, Nadine; Schoergenhofer, Christian; Frank, Jan; Frank, Oliver; Rychlik, Michael
Hop prenylated flavonoids have been investigated for their in vivo activities due to their broad spectrum of positive health effects. Previous studies on the metabolism of xanthohumol using untargeted methods have found that it is first degraded into 8-prenylnaringenin and 6-prenylnaringenin, by spontaneous cyclisation into isoxanthohumol, and subsequently demethylated by gut bacteria. Further combinations of metabolism by hydroxylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation result in an unknown number of isomers. Most investigations involving the analysis of prenylated flavonoids used surrogate or untargeted approaches in metabolite identification, which is prone to errors in absolute identification. Here, we present a synthetic approach to obtaining reference standards for the identification of human xanthohumol metabolites. The synthesised metabolites were subsequently analysed by qTOF LC-MS/MS, and some were matched to a human blood sample obtained after the consumption of 43 mg of micellarised xanthohumol. Additionally, isomers of the reference standards were identified due to their having the same mass fragmentation pattern and different retention times. Overall, the methods unequivocally identified the metabolites of xanthohumol that are present in the blood circulatory system. Lastly, in vitro bioactive testing should be applied using metabolites and not original compounds, as free compounds are scarcely found in human blood.
Walnut oil reduces Aβ levels and increases neurite length in a cellular model of early Alzheimer disease
(2022) Esselun, Carsten; Dieter, Fabian; Sus, Nadine; Frank, Jan; Eckert, Gunter P.
Mitochondria are the cells’ main source of energy. Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a key hallmark of aging and is linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Maintaining mitochondrial function might contribute to healthy aging and the prevention of AD. The Mediterranean diet, including walnuts, seems to prevent age-related neurodegeneration. Walnuts are a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential n3-fatty acid and the precursor for n3-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA), which might potentially improve mitochondrial function. (2) Methods: We tested whether a lipophilic walnut extract (WE) affects mitochondrial function and other parameters in human SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP695). Walnut lipids were extracted using a Soxhlet Extraction System and analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC/FD. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were quantified under basal conditions in cell culture, as well as after rotenone-induced stress. Neurite outgrowth was investigated, as well as membrane integrity, cellular reactive oxygen species, cellular peroxidase activity, and citrate synthase activity. Beta-amyloid (Aβ) was quantified using homogenous time-resolved fluorescence. (3) Results: The main constituents of WE are linoleic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and γ- and δ-tocopherol. Basal ATP levels following rotenone treatment, as well as citrate synthase activity, were increased after WE treatment. WE significantly increased cellular reactive oxygen species but lowered peroxidase activity. Membrane integrity was not affected. Furthermore, WE treatment reduced Aβ1–40 and stimulated neurite growth. (4) Conclusions: WE might increase ATP production after induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Decreased Aβ1–40 formation and enhanced ATP levels might enhance neurite growth, making WE a potential agent to enhance neuronal function and to prevent the development of AD. In this sense, WE could be a promising agent for the prevention of AD.
An in vitro and in silico study of antioxidant properties of curcuminoid N-alkylpyridinium salts: Initial assessment of their antitumoral properties
(2022) Forero-Doria, Oscar; Guzmán, Luis; Jiménez-Aspee, Felipe; Echeverría, Javier; Wehinger, Sergio; Valenzuela, Claudio; Araya-Maturana, Ramiro; Martínez-Cifuentes, Maximiliano
In this work, we report the synthesis of curcuminoids with ionic liquid characteristics, obtained by incorporating alkyl-substituted pyridinium moiety rather than one phenyl group through a two-step process. The antioxidant capacity of the obtained compounds was evaluated in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, showing that some derivatives are more potent than curcumin. Pyridine curcuminoids (group 4) and curcuminoid N-alkylpyridinium salts with two methoxyl groups in the phenyl ring (group 7), presented the best antioxidant capacity. The experimental results were rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) for O–H in each compound. The computational calculations allowed for insight into the structural–antioxidant properties relationship in these series of compounds. BDEs, obtained in the gas phase and water, showed a notable impact of water solvation on the stabilization of some radicals. The lower values of BDEs in the water solution correspond to the structurally related compounds curcuminoid-pyridine 4c and curcuminoid pyridinium salt 7a, which is consistent with the experimental results. Additionally, an assessment of cell viability and cell migration assays was performed for human colon cancer (HT29), human breast cancer (MCF7) cells, in addition to NIH3T3 murine fibroblast, as a model of non-cancer cell type. These compounds mainly cause inhibition of the cell migration observed in MCF7 cancer cells without affecting the non-tumoral NIH3T3 cell line: Neither in viability nor in migration.
Gellan gum is a suitable biomaterial for manual and bioprinted setup of long-term stable, functional 3D-adipose tissue models
(2022) Albrecht, Franziska B.; Dolderer, Vera; Nellinger, Svenja; Schmidt, Freia F.; Kluger, Petra J.
Due to its wide-ranging endocrine functions, adipose tissue influences the whole body’s metabolism. Engineering long-term stable and functional human adipose tissue is still challenging due to the limited availability of suitable biomaterials and adequate cell maturation. We used gellan gum (GG) to create manual and bioprinted adipose tissue models because of its similarities to the native extracellular matrix and its easily tunable properties. Gellan gum itself was neither toxic nor monocyte activating. The resulting hydrogels exhibited suitable viscoelastic properties for soft tissues and were stable for 98 days in vitro. Encapsulated human primary adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were adipogenically differentiated for 14 days and matured for an additional 84 days. Live-dead staining showed that encapsulated cells stayed viable until day 98, while intracellular lipid staining showed an increase over time and a differentiation rate of 76% between days 28 and 56. After 4 weeks of culture, adipocytes had a univacuolar morphology, expressed perilipin A, and secreted up to 73% more leptin. After bioprinting establishment, we demonstrated that the cells in printed hydrogels had high cell viability and exhibited an adipogenic phenotype and function. In summary, GG-based adipose tissue models show long-term stability and allow ASCs maturation into functional, univacuolar adipocytes.
Nutrition and health aspects of mothers and their infants in Bukavu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo : a follow-up study with cross-sectional analyses and nutrition interventions
(2024) Beitze, Damaris Elisabeth; Scherbaum, Veronika
Hintergrund: Mangelernährung in verschiedenen Ausprägungen ist eine Herausforderung für die Bevölkerungsgesundheit in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo, einem Land, das von politischer Instabilität, Gewalt, Nahrungsmittelunsicherheit und Armut geprägt ist. Vor allem verborgener Hunger und Anämie machen einen großen Teil davon aus. Unzureichende Ernährung während der ersten 1000 Lebenstage beeinträchtigt die Gesundheit und Entwicklung eines Kindes kurz- und langfristig. Das Ernährungsverhalten der Mütter spielt sowohl für ihren eigenen Ernährungszustand als auch für den ihrer Kinder eine wichtige Rolle, insbesondere während dieser sensiblen Phase. Der Ernährungszustand und das Ernährungsverhalten können durch vielfältige Faktoren auf verschiedenen Ebenen beeinflusst werden. Diese müssen untersucht und berücksichtigt werden, um zielführende Interventionen zu gestalten. Zielsetzung: Diese Dissertation hatte zum Ziel, den Ernährungsstatus, insbesondere Anämie, stillender Frauen und ihrer Säuglinge zu untersuchen, ebenso wie damit assoziierte Faktoren. Des Weiteren sollte der Einfluss von Ernährungsschulungen und Lipid-basierten Nährstoffsupplementen auf Anämie, Ernährungswissen und Ernährungsverhalten von unter- und übergewichtigen Müttern ermittelt werden. Methoden: Eine Follow-up-Studie mit Querschnittserhebungen und inkludierter Interventionsstudie wurde mit 471 stillenden Müttern und ihren Säuglingen in der Region von Bukavu, Demokratische Republik Kongo von Dezember 2017 bis Juni 2019 durchgeführt. Mutter-Kind-Paare wurden nach der Entbindung in einem von drei Krankenhäusern der Studie (zwei davon semi-urban und eines im ländlichen Gebiet) in der ersten Woche postpartum rekrutiert. Die erste Datenerhebung beinhaltete anthropometrische Messungen der Mütter und Neugeborenen sowie ein strukturiertes Interview zu sozio-demographischen Faktoren und Ernährungsaspekten während der Schwangerschaft. Folgeerhebungen, die 3-6 und 6-9 Monate nach der Geburt stattfanden, umfassten die Messung von anthropometrischen Parametern und der Hämoglobin-Konzentration (Hb) von Müttern und ihren Säuglingen, ein 24-Stunden Ernährungsprotokoll der Mütter sowie ein strukturiertes Interview zu Ernährungswissen und -verhalten. Die randomisierte kontrollierte Interventionsstudie fand zwischen diesen beiden Folgeerhebungen statt. Vor der Intervention wurden die Mütter anhand ihres mittleren Oberarmumfangs (MUAC) in niedrigen (≥ 21 und < 25 cm), normalen (≥ 25 und < 28 cm) und hohen MUAC (≥ 28 cm) eingestuft. Anschließend wurden sie zufällig den folgenden Interventions- und Kontrollgruppen zugeteilt: niedriger MUAC – Ernährungsschulung; niedriger MUAC – Supplement; niedriger MUAC – Kontrolle; mittlerer MUAC – Kontrolle; hoher MUAC – Ernährungsschulung; hoher MUAC – Kontrolle. Über drei Monate erhielten Mütter mit Ernährungsschulungen vier theoretische und zwei praktische Einheiten zu ausgewogener Ernährung, Eisen, Vitamin A und Nährstoffmängeln. Mütter in der Supplement-Gruppe erhielten ein tägliches Lipid-basiertes Nährstoffsupplement. Für 416 Mütter und Säuglinge waren Daten vor und nach der Intervention vorhanden. Ergebnisse: Die Studie zeigte die Koexistenz verschiedener Formen von Mangelernährung in der Studienpopulation. Ernährungs- und Gesundheitsaspekte unterschieden sich zwischen den semiurbanen und ländlichen Gegenden. Das Erhalten von Leistungen während der Schwangerschaftsbetreuung (Malaria-Medikamente, Entwurmung, Supplemente, Ernährungsinformationen durch Gesundheitspersonal) und das Wissen zu sowie die Umsetzung von Familienplanung waren im ländlichen Gebiet geringer als im semi-urbanen Gebiet, ebenso anthropometrische Parameter wie der mütterliche MUAC und das Geburtsgewicht. Eine multiple lineare Regression ergab zunehmenden mütterlichen MUAC, Alter und Gestationsalter als positive Einflussfaktoren auf das Geburtsgewicht, während die ländliche Lage, eine erstgebärende Mutter, eine Tätigkeit der Mutter in der Landwirtschaft und das weibliche Geschlecht des Neugeborenen negative Prädiktoren des Geburtsgewichts waren. Die Anämieraten 3-6 Monate nach der Geburt waren mit 28,2 % bei den Müttern von mittlerer Relevanz für Bevölkerungsgesundheit, lagen bei den Säuglingen mit 74,3 % jedoch im schwerwiegenden Bereich. Sowohl das mütterliche Ernährungswissen als auch ihre Ernährungsvielfalt waren gering ausgeprägt. Im Median hatten die Mütter ein Wissen von 0,39 in einem möglichen Bereich von 0 bis 1 und eine Ernährungsvielfalt von 3,0 (möglicher Bereich 0-10). Ernährungswissen und mütterlicher Hb waren leicht positiv korreliert, aber es bestanden keine signifikanten Korrelationen der Ernährungsvielfalt mit einem dieser beiden Parameter. Geschmack (68,1 %), Aussehen (42,5 %), die Wirkung von Lebensmitteln auf die Gesundheit (29,0 %) und Verfügbarkeit (25,6 %) waren häufige Kriterien der Lebensmittelauswahl. Nach der Intervention hatten Mütter, die Ernährungsschulungen erhalten hatten, ein signifikant höheres Ernährungswissen als diejenigen ohne Schulungen, aber keine verbesserte Ernährungsvielfalt. Außerdem modifizierten mehr Mütter mit Schulungen die Beikost für ihr Kind als die anderen Mütter, häufig im Zusammenhang mit Inhalten der Ernährungsschulungen. Weder der mütterliche Hb nach der Intervention noch die Hb-Entwicklung über die Interventionsphase unterschieden sich signifikant zwischen den sechs Interventions- und Kontrollgruppen. Allerdings war der Anteil an Müttern mit einer Verbesserung des Hb in den Gruppen mit Ernährungsschulungen größer, wenn auch nicht statistisch signifikant. Bei Betrachtung ausschließlich der Frauen, die zu Beginn der Intervention an Anämie litten, zeigte sich eine größere Zunahme des Hb in den Gruppen, die entweder Schulungen oder Supplemente erhielten, allerdings nicht statistisch signifikant. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Ernährungsstatus stillender Frauen und ihrer Säuglinge im Studiengebiet war mangelhaft. Verschiedene Faktoren, die die Mangelernährung befördern könnten, wurden identifiziert: Unzureichende Nahrungsaufnahme und eingeschränkte Leistungen in der primären Gesundheitsversorgung können den Ernährungsstatus beeinflussen. Zu ihren möglichen, vielschichtigen Determinanten gehören geringes Ernährungswissen, die ländliche Gegend und Nahrungsmittelunsicherheit, aber auch persönliche Präferenzen. Um den Ernährungszustand effektiv zu verbessern, müssen Ernährungsinterventionen diese verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren der Nahrungsaufnahme adressieren. Ernährungsschulungen und Lipid-basierte Nährstoffsupplemente könnten einen positiven Effekt haben, vor allem bei Müttern mit Anämie. Sie sollten weiter untersucht werden. Es wird empfohlen, das Bewusstsein und die Qualifikation von Gesundheitspersonal in der primären Gesundheitsversorgung hinsichtlich Ernährung zu stärken und praktische Elemente in Maßnahmen mit Ernährungsschulungen zu integrieren.
Effect of a diet rich in galactose or fructose, with or without fructooligosaccharides, on gut microbiota composition in rats
(2022) Mhd Omar, Nor Adila; Dicksved, Johan; Kruger, Johanita; Zamaratskaia, Galia; Michaëlsson, Karl; Wolk, Alicja; Frank, Jan; Landberg, Rikard
Recent studies suggest that a diet rich in sugars significantly affects the gut microbiota. Adverse metabolic effects of sugars may partly be mediated by alterations of gut microbiota and gut health parameters, but experimental evidence is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high intake of fructose or galactose, with/without fructooligosaccharides (FOS), on gut microbiota composition in rats and explored the association between gut microbiota and low-grade systemic inflammation. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were fed the following isocaloric diets for 12 weeks (% of the dry weight of the sugars or FOS): (1) starch (control), (2) fructose (50%), (3) galactose (50%), (4) starch+FOS (15%) (FOS control), (5) fructose (50%)+FOS (15%), (6) galactose (50%)+FOS (15%), and (7) starch+olive (negative control). Microbiota composition in the large intestinal content was determined by sequencing amplicons from the 16S rRNA gene; 341F and 805R primers were used to generate amplicons from the V3 and V4 regions. Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes, and Cyanobacteria composition differed between diets. Bifidobacterium was significantly higher in all diet groups where FOS was included. Modest associations between gut microbiota and metabolic factors as well as with gut permeability markers were observed, but no associations between gut microbiota and inflammation markers were observed. We found no coherent effect of galactose or fructose on gut microbiota composition. Added FOS increased Bifidobacterium but did not mitigate potential adverse metabolic effects induced by the sugars. However, gut microbiota composition was associated with several metabolic factors and gut permeability markers which warrant further investigations.
Antioxidants Attenuate Heat Shock Induced Premature Senescence of Bovine Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(2022) Nir, Dana; Ribarski-Chorev, Ivana; Shimoni, Chen; Strauss, Carmit; Frank, Jan; Schlesinger, Sharon
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have many roles that are important for the body’s proper functioning. When the MSC pool is damaged, it is often correlated with impaired development or health of the organism. MSC are known for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and trophic characteristics that play an important role in the physiological homeostasis of many tissues. Heat shock impairs MSC capacity by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction, which, in turn, send the cells into a state of premature senescence. Here, we pre-exposed MSC to melatonin, resveratrol, or curcumin, which are natural antioxidative compounds, and tested the protective effects of these substances from oxidative stress and aging. Our data showed that pre-exposure of MSC to antioxidants decreased reactive oxygen species while mitochondrial damage remained high. Additionally, although the proliferation of the cells was slow, antioxidants protected the cells from premature senescence, and subsequent cytokine release was prevented. We conclude that while elevated temperatures directly cause mitochondrial damage, senescence is induced by elevated ROS levels. We suggest that heat shock alters cell and tissue homeostasis by several independent mechanisms; however, reducing tissue senescence will reduce damage and provide a pathway to overcome physiological challenges in animals.
Uptake and time‐dependent subcellular localization of native and micellar curcumin in intestinal cells
(2022) Flory, Sandra; Benz, Ann‐Kathrin; Frank, Jan
Uptake into intestinal cells and intracellular distribution into metabolically competent organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, are important processes potentially limiting the bioavailability of xenobiotics. The incorporation of curcumin into polysorbate 80 micelles improves its naturally low oral bioavailability in humans. Here, we investigated uptake and time‐dependent localization of curcumin in intestinal cells when administered as native or micellar formulation. Differentiated Caco‐2 cells were incubated with 200 μmol/L native or micellar curcumin for up to 180 min and cellular uptake was quantified. Intracellular curcumin was detected already after 30 min and did not differ significantly between formulations or over time. Subcellular localization of native and micellar curcumin in Caco‐2 cells was studied by density gradient centrifugation. After 30 min, curcumin from both formulations was mainly associated with mitochondria and lysosomes, after 180 min native curcumin was associated with mitochondria and peroxisomes, micellar curcumin with peroxisomes only. Uptake and localization of native and micellar curcumin in intestinal cells do not differ significantly and consequently do not explain differences in bioavailability in humans. The temporary co‐localization with lysosomes is in agreement with the previously proposed role of endocytosis in cellular uptake of curcumin and warrants further investigation.
Infant feeding practices, nutrition, and associated health factors during the first six months of life among Syrian refugees in Greater Beirut, Lebanon: A mixed methods study
(2022) Abou-Rizk, Joana; Jeremias, Theresa; Nasreddine, Lara; Jomaa, Lamis; Hwalla, Nahla; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
The objective was to describe infant feeding practices, nutrition and related health aspects of infants under six months among Syrian refugees in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Syrian refugee mothers with infants under six months in July–October 2018 (N = 114). Additionally, eleven focus group discussions were conducted to explore supportive factors and barriers associated with early breastfeeding practices. The prevalence of pre-lacteal feeding was high (62.5%), whereas early initiation of breastfeeding was low (31%), and exclusive breastfeeding very low (24.6%). One-fifth of the infants were anemic (20.5%) and 9.6% were wasted. A significantly higher proportion of non-exclusively breastfed infants had a fever and took medicines than those who were exclusively breastfed. Supporting factors of adequate infant feeding practices comprised knowledge on maternal nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding, along with receiving support from healthcare professionals and family members. Identified barriers included preterm delivery, pre-lacteal feeding, an at-risk waist circumference and moderate to severe depression among mothers, bottle feeding, early introduction of food, maternal health reasons, breastmilk substitutes’ distribution, and misinformation offered by mothers-in-law. To address sub-optimal feeding practices documented among Syrian refugees, awareness on proper breastfeeding practices, maternal nutrition, and psychosocial support should be provided to mothers and family members alike.
Recovery of polyphenols using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) from black rosehip followed by encapsulation for increased bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity
(2022) Kasapoğlu, Kadriye Nur; Demircan, Evren; Gültekin-Özgüven, Mine; Kruger, Johanita; Frank, Jan; Arslaner, Ayla; Özçelik, Beraat
In this work, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of hydrophilic polyphenols from black rosehip fruit was maximized using response surface methodology for simultaneous optimization in terms of extraction yield, total antioxidant capacity, total (poly)phenols, catechin, total monomeric anthocyanins, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Extraction parameters, including temperature (X1: 40–80 °C) and the solvent-to-solid ratio (X2: 10–40 mL/g), were investigated as independent variables. Experimentally obtained values were fitted to a second-order polynomial model, and optimal conditions were determined using multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance. The black rosehip extract (BRE) obtained at optimized PHWE conditions was further encapsulated in biopolymer-coated liposomes and spray dried to enhance its processing and digestive stability. After reconstitution, the fabricated particles had an average size of 247–380 nm and a zeta-potential of 15–45 mV. Moreover, encapsulation provided remarkable protection of the phenolics under in vitro gastrointestinal digestion conditions, resulting in up to a 5.6-fold more phenolics in the bioaccessible fraction, which also had 2.9–8.6-fold higher antioxidant activity compared to the nonencapsulated BRE. In conclusion, PHWE in combination with a biopolymer coating is a potent method for the production of stable and safe edible natural extracts for the delivery of (poly)phenolic compounds in food and dietary supplements.
Vitamin E and carotenoid profiles in leaves, stems, petioles and flowers of stinging nettle (Urtica leptophylla Kunth) from Costa Rica
(2022) Montoya‐Arroyo, Alexander; Toro‐González, Camilo; Sus, Nadine; Warner, Jorge; Esquivel, Patricia; Jiménez, Víctor M; Frank, Jan
BACKGROUND Local leafy vegetables are gaining attention as affordable sources of micronutrients, including vitamins, pro-vitamin carotenoids and other bioactive compounds. Stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) are used as source of fibers, herbal medicine and food. However, despite the relatively wide geographical spread of Urtica leptophylla on the American continent, little is known about its content of vitamin E congeners and carotenoids. We therefore investigated the particular nutritional potential of different plant structures of wild Costa Rican U. leptophylla by focusing on their vitamin E and carotenoid profiles. RESULTS Young, mature and herbivore-damaged leaves, flowers, stems and petioles were collected and freeze-dried. Vitamin E and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after liquid/liquid extraction with hexane. α-Tocopherol was the major vitamin E congener in all structures. Flowers had a high content of γ-tocopherol. Herbivore-damaged leaves had higher contents of vitamin E than undamaged leaves. Lutein was the major and β-carotene the second most abundant carotenoid in U. leptophylla. No differences in carotenoid profiles were observed between damaged and undamaged leaves. CONCLUSION The leaves of U. leptophylla had the highest nutritional value of all analyzed structures; therefore, they might represent a potential source of α-tocopherol, lutein and β-carotene.
Anemia among Syrian refugee children aged 6 to 23 months living in Greater Beirut, Lebanon, including the Voices of Mothers’ and Local Healthcare Staff: A mixed-methods study
(2023) Jeremias, Theresa; Abou-Rizk, Joana; Burgard, Leonie; Entenmann, Isa; Nasreddine, Lara; Jomaa, Lamis; Hwalla, Nahla; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
Globally, the prevalence of anemia among children during the period of complementary feeding is high. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted to examine the main determinants of anemia among Syrian refugee children aged 6 to 23 months (n = 215) and to illuminate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of their mothers and Lebanese healthcare staff on its causes and available treatment options. 42% of the children and 20% of their mothers were anemic. Determinants of child anemia were the mother having anemia or not knowing that fish/seafood is a source of iron; the child having been acutely ill the last two weeks or receiving cow’s milk, but not consuming iron-rich infant formula, added fats/oils, or fruits in the previous 24 hours. Several Syrian mothers knew some causes of anemia and named dizziness as a leading symptom but did not mention flesh foods as a key source of heme iron. They reported financial constraints in accessing iron-rich foods and supplements. Lebanese doctors largely gave appropriate dietary advice and prescribed iron supplements as treatment. Multisectoral interventions are needed that combine medical and financial support with nutrition counseling for mothers to reduce the high burden of anemia among young children living in a multiple crises situation.
Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of polyphenols from black rosehip and their bioaccessibility using an In Vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model
(2023) Kasapoğlu, Kadriye Nur; Kruger, Johanita; Barla-Demirkoz, Aslı; Gültekin-Özgüven, Mine; Frank, Jan; Özçelik, Beraat
The fruits of Rosa pimpinellifolia are rich sources of (poly)phenols, however they are underutilized due to the limited information available. The influence of the pressure, temperature, and co-solvent concentration (aqueous ethanol) of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCO2-aqEtOH) on the extraction yield, total phenolic-, total anthocyanin-, catechin-, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside contents, and total antioxidant activity of black rosehip was investigated simultaneously. The maximum obtained total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents under the optimized extraction conditions (280 bar, 60 °C and 25% ethanol, v/v) were 76.58 ± 4.25 mg gallic acid equivalent and 10.89 ± 1.56 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent per g of the dry fruits, respectively. The optimal extract obtained by SCO2-aqEtOH was compared to two other extraction procedures: ultrasonication using ethanol as solvent (UA-EtOH) and pressurized hot water extraction (PH-H2O). The bioaccessibility and cellular metabolism of the phenolic compounds in the different black rosehip extracts were assessed using an in vitro digestion coupled with a human intestinal Caco-2 cell model. The in vitro digestive stability and cellular uptake of the phenolic compounds had no significant difference among the different extraction methods. The results of this study confirm the efficiency of SCO2-aqEtOH extraction for phenolic compounds and, in particular, for anthocyanins, and could be used to produce new functional food ingredients from black rosehip with high antioxidant power containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds.
What factors are associated with maternal undernutrition in eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia? Evidence for nutritional well-being of lactating mothers
(2020) Abera, Semaw Ferede; Kantelhardt, Eva Johanna; Bezabih, Afework Mulugeta; Tsadik, Mache; Lauvai, Judith; Ejeta, Gebisa; Wienke, Andreas; Frank, Jan; Scherbaum, Veronika
Background: Maternal undernutrition is a pervasive health problem among Ethiopian mothers. This study aims at identifying the level of maternal undernutrition and its associated factors in Kilte Awaleo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (KA-HDSS), Tigray region, Ethiopia. Methods: Nutritional status of 2260 lactating mothers was evaluated using the mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC). Data from the vital events and verbal autopsy databases were linked to the survey and baseline recensus data to investigate the association of adult mortality from chronic causes of death (CoD) on maternal undernutrition. We employed a generalized log-binomial model to estimate the independent effects of the fitted covariates. Results: The overall prevalence of maternal undernutrition based on MUAC < 23 cm was 38% (95% CI: 36.1, 40.1%). Recent occurrence of household morbidity (adjusted prevalence ratio (adjPR) = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.22, 1.81) was associated with increased risk of maternal undernutrition. In addition, there was a 28% higher risk (adjPR = 1.28; 95%CI: 0.98, 1.67) of maternal undernutrition for those mothers who lived in households with history of adult mortality from chronic diseases. Especially, its association with severe maternal undernutrition was strong (adjusted OR = 3.27; 95%CI: 1.48, 7.22). In contrast, good maternal health-seeking practice (adjPR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.77, 0.96) and production of diverse food crops (adjPR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.64, 0.81) were associated with a lower risk of maternal undernutrition. Relative to mothers with low scores of housing and environmental factors index (HAEFI), those with medium and higher scores of HAEFI had 0.81 (adjPR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.95) and 0.82 (adjPR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.72, 0.95) times lower risk of maternal undernutrition, respectively. Conclusions: Efforts to ameliorate maternal undernutrition need to consider the influence of the rising epidemiology of adult mortality from chronic diseases. Our data clearly indicate the need for channeling the integrated intervention power of nutrition-sensitive development programs with that of nutrition-specific sectoral services.
Combined effects of drought and soil fertility on the synthesis of vitamins in green leafy vegetables
(2023) Park, Taewan; Fischer, Sahrah; Lambert, Christine; Hilger, Thomas; Jordan, Irmgard; Cadisch, Georg
Green leafy vegetables, such as Vigna unguiculata, Brassica oleraceae, and Solanum scabrum, are important sources of vitamins A, B1, and C. Although vitamin deficiencies considerably affect human health, not much is known about the effects of changing soil and climate conditions on vegetable vitamin concentrations. The effects of high or low soil fertility and three drought intensities (75%, 50%, and 25% pot capacity) on three plant species were analysed (n = 48 pots) in a greenhouse trial. The fresh yield was reduced in all the vegetables as a result of lower soil fertility during a severe drought. The vitamin concentrations increased with increasing drought stress in some species. Regardless, the total vitamin yields showed a net decrease due to the significant biomass loss. Changes in vitamin concentrations as a result of a degrading environment and increasing climate change events are an important factor to be considered for food composition calculations and nutrient balances, particularly due to the consequences on human health, and should therefore be considered in agricultural trials.
Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in the fruit of rosehip (Rosa canina L. and Rosa rubiginosa L.)
(2023) Peña, Fabiola; Valencia, Sebastián; Tereucán, Gonzalo; Nahuelcura, Javiera; Jiménez-Aspee, Felipe; Cornejo, Pablo; Ruiz, Antonieta
Rosehips (Rosa spp., Rosaceae) are wild rose bushes with more than 100 species. Its fruits vary in colour and size, depending on the species, and are recognised for their nutritional characteristics. Ten samples of Rosa canina L. and Rosa rubiginosa L. fruits were collected at different geographical points from Southern Chile. Nutrients such as crude protein and minerals and functional properties such as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and also antioxidant activities were evaluated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed a high content of bioactive compounds, primarily ascorbic acid (6.0 to 8.2 mg g−1 fresh weight (FW)), flavonols (427.9 ± 0.4 μg g−1 FW) and antioxidant activity. We established a relationship between the antioxidant activity using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-diphenyl radical (DPPH) methods and the concentration of uncoloured compounds, such as flavonols and catechin. This antioxidant activity was primarily associated with the samples from Gorbea, Lonquimay, Loncoche, and Villarrica localities, and all of them were of the species Rosa rubiginosa L. The results here obtained represent novel information of rosehip fruits. In this sense, the reported information about compounds and antioxidant activities in rosehip fruits allowed us to continue new lines of research in relation to the potential formulation of new functional foods and also in the treatment and/or prevention of some diseases.

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